2019

Contained in: Neuroscience, 2019: 408, 147-160

Interleukin-18-deficient mice develop hippocampal abnormalities related to possible depressive-like behaviora

Authors: Yamanishi, K., Doe N., Mukai K., Ikubo K., Hashimoto T., Uwa N., Sumida M., El-Darawish Y., Gamachi N., Li W., Kuwahara-Otani S., Maeda S., Watanabe Y., Hayakawa T., Yamanishi H., Matsuyama T., Yagi H., Okamura H., Matsunaga H.

  Interleukin-18 role in hippocampal neuroanal plasticity/neurogenesis, locomotion/exploration, nociception, response to stress, passive avoidance and Morris water maze performance in mice
  Yamanishi, K., Doe N., Mukai K., Ikubo K., Hashimoto T., Uwa N., Sumida M., El-Darawish Y., Gamachi N., Li W., Kuwahara-Otani S., Maeda S., Watanabe Y., Hayakawa T., Yamanishi H., Matsuyama T., Yagi H., Okamura H., Matsunaga H. - 2019

  NEUROPEPTIDES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   NOCICEPTION   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AVOIDANCE   STRESS   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2019: 706, 61-67

Latrozole induces worse hippocampal synaptic and dendrici changes and spatial memory impairment than ovariectomy in adult female mice

Authors: Liu, M., Xing F., Bian C., Zhao Y., Zhao J., Liu Y., Zhang J.

  Ovariectomy and estrogen synthase inhibitor letrazole on hippocampal neuronal plasticity and spatial memory performance in female mice
  Liu, M., Xing F., Bian C., Zhao Y., Zhao J., Liu Y., Zhang J. - 2019

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   GONADAL HORMONES
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2019: 706, 158-163

Chrysin protects against behavioral, cognitive and neurochemical alterations in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease

Authors: Del Fabbro, L., Goes A.R., Jesse C.R., de Gomes M.G., Souza L.C., Ladd F.V.L., Ladd A.A.B.L., Arantes R.V.N., Simionato A.R., Oliveira M.S., Furian A.F., Boeira S.P.

  Flavonoid chrysin exposure on intra-striatal 6-OHDA effects on neuroinflammation, locomotor activity, passive avoidance and spatial learning in mice
  Del Fabbro, L., Goes A.R., Jesse C.R., de Gomes M.G., Souza L.C., Ladd F.V.L., Ladd A.A.B.L., Arantes R.V.N., Simionato A.R., Oliveira M.S., Furian A.F., Boeira S.P. - 2019

  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   DOPAMINE   NITRIC AND NITROUS OXIDE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   STRIATUM   AVOIDANCE   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2019: 181, 1-8

Prolonged exposure of rats to varenicline increases anxiety and alters serotonergic system, but has no effect on memory

Authors: Zaccarelli-Magalhaes, J., Sandini T.M., de Abreu G.R., Petrocelli B.M., Moreira N., Reis-Silva T.M., Lebrun I., Florio J.C., Ricci E.L., Fukushima A.R., Waziry P.A.F., de Souza Spinosa H.

  Nicotinic partial agonist varenicline exposure on cerebral dopamine/serotonin/GABA levels, locomotion/exploration/grooming/rearing, social inetraction, object recognition and spatial learning in rats
  Zaccarelli-Magalhaes, J., Sandini T.M., de Abreu G.R., Petrocelli B.M., Moreira N., Reis-Silva T.M., Lebrun I., Florio J.C., Ricci E.L., Fukushima A.R., Waziry P.A.F., de Souza Spinosa H. - 2019

  ACETYLCHOLINE   SEROTONIN   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   STEROTYPED BEHAVIORS   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   DOPAMINE
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2019: 181, 93-100

Cannabidiol (CBD) reduces anxiety-related behavior in mice via an FMRP-independent mechanism

Authors: Zieba, J., Sinclair D., Sebree T., Bonn-Miller M., Gutterman D., Siegel S., Karl T.

  FMR1 gene role in cannabidiol exposure effects on locomotion/exploration, spontaneous alternation, social preference and passive avoidance in mice
  Zieba, J., Sinclair D., Sebree T., Bonn-Miller M., Gutterman D., Siegel S., Karl T. - 2019

  CANNABINOIDS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   AVOIDANCE   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Science, 2019: 364, 1082-1086

Long-duration hippocampal sharp wave ripples improve memory

Authors: Fernandez-Ruiz, A., Oliva A., de Oliveira E.F., Rocha-Almeida F., Tingley D., Buzsaki G.

  Hippocampal sharp wave ripple role in spatial learning in rats: optogenetic study
  Fernandez-Ruiz, A., Oliva A., de Oliveira E.F., Rocha-Almeida F., Tingley D., Buzsaki G. - 2019

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2019: 116, 12516-12523

NRF2/ARE pathway negatively regulates BACE1 expression and ameliorates cognitive deficits in mouse Alzheimer's models

Authors: Bahn, G., Park J.-S., Yun U.J., Lee Y.L., Choi Y., Park J.S., Baek S.H., Choi B.Y., Cho Y.S., Kim H.K., Han J., Sul J.H., Baik S.-H., Lim J., Wakabayashi N., Bae S.H., Han J.-W., Arumugam T.V., Mattson M.P., Jo D.-G.

  β-secretase BACE1 and transcription factor NRF2 role on cortical/hippocampal amyloid β levels and elated passive avoidance, object recognition and Morris water maze performance in 3xTgAD and 5xFAD Alzheimer's mouse model mice
  Bahn, G., Park J.-S., Yun U.J., Lee Y.L., Choi Y., Park J.S., Baek S.H., Choi B.Y., Cho Y.S., Kim H.K., Han J., Sul J.H., Baik S.-H., Lim J., Wakabayashi N., Bae S.H., Han J.-W., Arumugam T.V., Mattson M.P., Jo D.-G. - 2019

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   CEREBRAL CORTEX   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES   AVOIDANCE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS
Contained in: Eur. J. Neurosci., 2019: 49, 1673-1683

Caffeine and cannabinoid receptors modulate impulsive behavior in an animal model of attentional deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Authors: Leffa, D.T., Ferreira S.G., Machado N.J., Souza C.M., da Rosa F., de Carvalho C., Kincheski G.C., Takahashi R.N., Porciuncula L.O., Souza D.O., Cunha R.A., Pandolfo P.

  Cannabinoid and adenosine receptor modulation on appetitively rewarded spatial/operant responding in spontaneous hyperactive and control rats: impulsivity study
  Leffa, D.T., Ferreira S.G., Machado N.J., Souza C.M., da Rosa F., de Carvalho C., Kincheski G.C., Takahashi R.N., Porciuncula L.O., Souza D.O., Cunha R.A., Pandolfo P. - 2019

  CANNABINOIDS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   OPERANT CONDITIONING
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2019: 409, 235-252

Neural correlates of egocentric and allocentric frames of reference combined with metric and non-metric spatial relations

Authors: Ruotolo, F., Ruggiero G., Raemaekers M., Iachini T., van der Ham I.J.M., Fracasso A., Postma A.

  Cortical activity related to allocentric and egocentric spatial information in humans
  Ruotolo, F., Ruggiero G., Raemaekers M., Iachini T., van der Ham I.J.M., Fracasso A., Postma A. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   BRAIN IMAGING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2019: 236, 1107-1117

Effects of the second-generation "bath salt" cathinone alpha-pyrrolidinopropriophenone (α-PPP) on behavior and monoamine neurochemistry in male mice

Authors: Ray, A., Chitre N.M., Daphney C.M., Blough B.E., Canal C.E., Murnane K.S.

  α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone exposure effects on body temperature, prefrontal cortex/striatal monoamine levels, locomotion/exploration, object recognition and spatial learning in mice
  Ray, A., Chitre N.M., Daphney C.M., Blough B.E., Canal C.E., Murnane K.S. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   STRIATUM   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   BODY TEMPERATURE   DOPAMINE   SEROTONIN   EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2019: 236, 1385-1399

resveratrol ameliorates estrogen deficiency-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and hippocampal inflammation in mice

Authors: Liu, T., Ma Y., Zhang R., Zhong H., Wang L., Zhao J., Yang L., Fan X.

  resveratrol exposure effects on hippocampal neuroinflammtion, locomotion/exploration, response to stress, social interaction, object recognition and spatial learning in ovariectomized and control female mice
  Liu, T., Ma Y., Zhang R., Zhong H., Wang L., Zhao J., Yang L., Fan X. - 2019

  GONADAL HORMONES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   STRESS   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   NEUROPEPTIDES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 370, 111932

Exenatide alleviates mitochndrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Authors: An, J., Zhou Y., Zhang M., Xie Y., Ke S., Liu L., Pan X., Chen Z.

  Glucogen-like pepitde 1 agonist exenatide exposure on hippocmapla neuronal amyloid β/neuroinflammation/mithocondrial activity levels and Morris water maze peformance in 5xFAD (Alzheimer's mouse model) and control mice
  An, J., Zhou Y., Zhang M., Xie Y., Ke S., Liu L., Pan X., Chen Z. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   NEUROPEPTIDES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 370, 111961

Behavioral consequence of co-administration of MTEP and the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 in mice. Part 1

Authors: Stachowicz, K.

  mGluR5 antagonist MTEP and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS398 exposure on locomotor activity, response to stress and related hyperthermia, social interaction and spatial learning in mice
  Stachowicz, K. - 2019

  STRESS   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   BODY TEMPERATURE   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   GLUTAMATE
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 370, 111946

Prenatal immune activation induces age-related alterations in rat offspring: effects upon NMDA receptors and behaviors

Authors: Hao, K., Su X., Luo B., Cai Y., Chen T., Yang Y., Shao M., Song M., Zhang L., Zhong Z., Li W., Lv L.

  Prenatal maternal immune activation on hippocampal/prefrontal NMDA receptors/PSD95 protein levels, exploratory activity, passive avoidance, prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and spatial learning in rat offspring of different age
  Hao, K., Su X., Luo B., Cai Y., Chen T., Yang Y., Shao M., Song M., Zhang L., Zhong Z., Li W., Lv L. - 2019

  AGE   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AVOIDANCE   STARTLE REFLEX   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   PROTEINS AND GENES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 370, 111926

Effects of early postnatal MK-801 treatment on behavioral properties in rats: differnces according to treatment schedule

Authors: Kawabe, K., Miyamoto E.

  Early post-natal MK-801 exposure on locomotion/exploration/rearing, response to stress, prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and spatial learning in rats: treatment schedule study
  Kawabe, K., Miyamoto E. - 2019

  N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED INHIBITION   STARTLE REFLEX   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   STRESS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   STEROTYPED BEHAVIORS   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Contained in: Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 2019: 49, 562-568

Effects of fragmentation of visual navigational signals on the organisation of rats in a radial maze

Authors: Albertin, S.V.

  Visual navigational signalin fragmentation on spatial orientation in rats: dopamine agonist haloperidol exposure study
  Gavrilova, S.I., Volpina O.M., Kolykhalov I.V., Fedorova Ya.B., Selezneva N.D., Ponomareva E.V., Koroev D.O., Kamynina A.V. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   LUMINANCE AND VISION   DOPAMINE
Contained in: Nature, 2019: 570, 509-513

Specialized coding of sensory, motor and cognitive variables in VTA dopamine neurons

Authors: Engelhard, B., Finkelstein J., Cox J., Fleming W., Jang H.J., Ornelas S., Koay S.A., Thiberge S.Y., Daw N.D., Tank D.W., Witten I.B.

  Ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neuron activity related to Pavlovian/spatial-operant rewarded responding in mice
  Engelhard, B., Finkelstein J., Cox J., Fleming W., Jang H.J., Ornelas S., Koay S.A., Thiberge S.Y., Daw N.D., Tank D.W., Witten I.B. - 2019

  DOPAMINE   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO BEHAVIOR
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 370, 111937

Age and sex differences in motivation and spatial working memory in 3xTg-AD mice in the Hebb-Williams maze

Authors: Fertan, E., Wong A.A., Vienneau N.A., Brown R.E.

  Spatial working memory in 3xTg-Alzheimer's disease mouse model male and female of different age mice
  Fertan, E., Wong A.A., Vienneau N.A., Brown R.E. - 2019

  GENDER   AGE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 370, 111966

The influence of chromosome 4 on metabolism and spatial memory in SHR and SLA16 rat strains

Authors: Velazquez, A.M., Roversi K., Dillenburg-Pilla P., Rodrigues R.F., Zarate-Blades C.R., Prediger R.D.S., Izidio G.S.

  Cromosome 4 role in locomotion/exploration/rearing and spatial learning in spontaneously hypertensive rats of different age
  Velazquez, A.M., Roversi K., Dillenburg-Pilla P., Rodrigues R.F., Zarate-Blades C.R., Prediger R.D.S., Izidio G.S. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES   AGE   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   STEROTYPED BEHAVIORS
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2019: 149, 268-278

Synergistic effects of combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines on spatial cognition and hippocampal plasticity in rats

Authors: Li, Q., Xuan A., Qi F., Yang J., Zou J., Yao Z.

  Neonatal BCG and influenza vaccines exposure on hippocampal neuronal escitability/plasticity/neurogenesis/BDNF-Interleukines levels and Morris water maze performance in adult rats
  Li, Q., Xuan A., Qi F., Yang J., Zou J., Yao Z. - 2019

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROPEPTIDES   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 371, 111976

Effects of haloperidol on cognitive function and behavioural flexibility in the IntelliCage social home cage enviornment

Authors: Marwan, S., Dawe G.S.

  Haloperidol exposure on drinking behavior, exploratory activity and spatial learning in mice
  Marwan, S., Dawe G.S. - 2019

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   FEEDING AND DRINKING   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   DOPAMINE
Contained in: Behav. Processes, 2019: 164, 167-174

The impact of early structural enrichment on spatial cognition in layer chicks

Authors: Norman, K.I., Adriaense J.E.C., Nicol C.J.

  Early environment enrichment exposure on spatial orientation and location/exploration in layer chicks of different age
  Norman, K.I., Adriaense J.E.C., Nicol C.J. - 2019

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AGE
Contained in: Behav. Processes, 2019: 164, 175-177

Returning to home cage serves as an effective reward for maze learning in rats

Authors: Taniuchi, T., Ohgi A., Nishikawa M.

  Home cage rewarding effects related to spatial maze navigation in rats
  Taniuchi, T., Ohgi A., Nishikawa M. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Contained in: Brain Res., 2019: 1718, 148-158

Offline consolidation of spatial memory: do the cerebellar output circuits play a role? A study utilizing a Morris water maze protocol in male Wistar rats

Authors: Andre, P., Zaccaroni M., Fiorenzani P., Della Seta D., Menzocchi M., Farabollini F.

  Cerebellar inactivation on Morris water maze consolidation in rats
  Andre, P., Zaccaroni M., Fiorenzani P., Della Seta D., Menzocchi M., Farabollini F. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   CEREBELLUM   CONSOLIDATION
Contained in: Exp. Brain Res., 2019: 237, 1881-1888

High-beta/low-gamma frequency activity reflects top-down predictive coding during a spatial working memory test

Authors: Zhang, R.V., Featherstone R.E., Melynchenko O., Gifford R., Weger R., Liang Y., Siegel S.J.

  Cortical activity related to spatial working memory responding in mice
  Zhang, R.V., Featherstone R.E., Melynchenko O., Gifford R., Weger R., Liang Y., Siegel S.J. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Hippocampus, 2019: 29, 619-629

Encoding of 3D head direction information in the human brain

Authors: Kim, M., Maguire E.A.

  Retrosplenial cortex/thalamus/subiculum role in head direction encoding related to spatial orientation in humans
  Kim, M., Maguire E.A. - 2019

  BRAIN IMAGING   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Hippocampus, 2019: 29, 639-651

Transient effect of mossy fiber stimulation on spatial firing of CA3 neurons

Authors: Lee, J., Yun M., Cho E., Lee J.W., Lee D., Jung M.W.

  Mossy fiber stimulation on CA3 neuron firing related to spatial navigation in mice: optogenetic study
  Lee, J., Yun M., Cho E., Lee J.W., Lee D., Jung M.W. - 2019

  ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Nat. Neurosci., 2019: 22, 1168-1181

A diversity of interneurons and Hebbian plasticity facilitate rapid compressible learning in the hippocampus

Authors: Nicola, W., Clopath C.

  Hippocampal theta phase and sharp wave-rippes related to spatial orientation: computational netwrok model study
  Nicola, W., Clopath C. - 2019

  MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO BEHAVIOR   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Neuron, 2019: 102, 1235-1248

Time cells in the hippocampaus are neither dependent on medial entorhinal cortex inputs nor necessary for spatial working memory

Authors: Sabariego, M., Schonwald A., Boublil B.L., Zimmerman D.T., Ahmadi S., Gonzalez N., Leibold C., Clark R.E., Leutgeb J.K., Leutgeb S.

  Hippocampal time cells role in delayed spatial training in rats: entorhinal and hippocampal lesion study
  Sabariego, M., Schonwald A., Boublil B.L., Zimmerman D.T., Ahmadi S., Gonzalez N., Leibold C., Clark R.E., Leutgeb J.K., Leutgeb S. - 2019

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   ENTORHINAL CORTEX   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2019: 153, 63-72

Null mutation in P4h-tm leads to decreased fear and anxiety and increased social behavior in mice

Authors: Leinonen, H., Koivisto H., Lipponen H.-R., Matilainen A., Salo A.M., Dimova E.Y., Hamalainen E., Staven S., Miettinen P., Myllyharju J., Koivunen P., Tanila H.

  Brain P4H-TM protein role in fear reaction, neophobia, locomotion/exploration, social interaction, odor recognition, response to stress, object recognition and Morris water maze performance in mice
  Leinonen, H., Koivisto H., Lipponen H.-R., Matilainen A., Salo A.M., Dimova E.Y., Hamalainen E., Staven S., Miettinen P., Myllyharju J., Koivunen P., Tanila H. - 2019

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   NEOPHOBIA   SMELL   STRESS   AMYGDALA   CEREBELLUM   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   HYPOTHALAMUS