2016

Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2016: 36, 12511-12529

Activation of glutamatergic fibers in the anterior NAc shell modulates reward activity in the aNAcSh, the lateral hypothalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex and transiently stops feeding

Authors: Prado, L., Luis-Islaa J., Sandoval O.I., Puron L., Gil M.M:, Luna A., Arias-Garcia M.A., Galarraga E., Simon S.A., Gutierrez R.

  Accumbal glutamatergic neuron role in prefrontal, lateral hipothalamic neuron excitability and appetitive guided operant respknding in mice: optogenetics study
  Prado, L., Luis-Islaa J., Sandoval O.I., Puron L., Gil M.M:, Luna A., Arias-Garcia M.A., Galarraga E., Simon S.A., Gutierrez R. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   FEEDING AND DRINKING   HYPOTHALAMUS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2016: 36, 12650-12660

Interaction of instrumental and goal-directd learning modulates prediction error representations in the ventral striatum

Authors: Guo, R., Bohmer W., Hebart M., Chien S., Sommer T., Obermayer K., Glascher J.

  Brain activity related to operant decision making in humans: computational modeling and brain imaging study
  Guo, R., Bohmer W., Hebart M., Chien S., Sommer T., Obermayer K., Glascher J. - 2016

  AMYGDALA   MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO BEHAVIOR   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   BRAIN IMAGING   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   STRIATUM
Contained in: Learn. Mem., 2016: 23,435-441

Brain region-specific effects of cGMP-dependent kinase II knockout on AMPA receptor trafficking and animal behavior

Authors: Kim, S., Pick J.E., Abera S., Khatri L., Ferreira D.D.P., Sathler M.F., Morison S.L., Hofmann F., Ziff E.B.

  cGMP-dependent protein kinase II on brain GluA1 phosphorylation, response to stress, sucrose preference, olfaction and fear conditioning in mice
  Kim, S., Pick J.E., Abera S., Khatri L., Ferreira D.D.P., Sathler M.F., Morison S.L., Hofmann F., Ziff E.B. - 2016

  AMYGDALA   CEREBRAL CORTEX   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   GLUTAMATE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   SMELL   STRESS
Contained in: Learn. Mem., 2016: 23, 479-485

The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol induces an age- and region-dependent form of long-term depression in the mouse striatum

Authors: Zhang, X., Yao N., Chergui K.

  Muscimol on striatal and accumbal long-term depression in adolescent and adult mice: cannabinoid, mGluR5, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 receptors modulation
  Zhang, X., Yao N., Chergui K. - 2016

  CANNABINOIDS   AGE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   STRIATUM
Contained in: Learn. Mem., 2016: 23, 595-606

The sensory features of a food cue influence its ability to act as an incentive stimulus and evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core

Authors: Singer, B.F., Bryan M.A., Popov P., Scarff R., Carter C., Wright E., Aragona B.J., Robinson T.E.

  Appetitive rewarded Pavlovian/operant conditioning and related accumbal dopamine release in rats: schedule and conditioned stimulus nature study
  Singer, B.F., Bryan M.A., Popov P., Scarff R., Carter C., Wright E., Aragona B.J., Robinson T.E. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   FEEDING AND DRINKING   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   SCHEDULE INDUCED CONDITIONING AND BEHAVIOR

2015

Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2015: 95, 299-308

Prefrontal cortex gates acute morphine action on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area

Authors: Liu, C., Fang X., Wu Q., Jin G., Zhen X.

  Prefrontal inactivation on accumbal/ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons firing by morphine in rats
  Liu, C., Fang X., Wu Q., Jin G., Zhen X. - 2015

  NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   OPIOIDS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2015: 35, 3470-3477

Active avoidance requires a serial basal amygdala to nucleus accumbens shell circuit

Authors: Ramirez, F., Moscarello J.M., LeDoux J.E., Sears R.M.

  Accumbal/amygdalar functional disconnection on active avoidance and freezing expression in rats
  Ramirez, F., Moscarello J.M., LeDoux J.E., Sears R.M. - 2015

  NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   AMYGDALA   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   AVOIDANCE   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2015: 35, 4953-4964

Ventral pallidal projections to mediodorsal thalamus and ventral tegmental area play distinct roles in outcome-specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer

Authors: Leung, B.K., Balleine B.W.

  Ventral pallidal projections to mediodorsal thalamus and ventral tegmental area on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats: lesions, inactivation and c-fos expression study
  Leung, B.K., Balleine B.W. - 2015

  NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   PROTEINS AND GENES   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   STRIATUM
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2015: 35, 5625-5639

Context-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking is associated with unique molecular alterations in fos-expressiong dorsolateral striatum neurons

Authors: Rubio, F.J., Liu Q.-R., Li X., Cruz F.C., Leao R.M., Warren B.L., Kambhampati S., Babin K.R., McPherson K.B., Cimbro R., Bossert J.M., Shaham Y., Hope B.T.

  Dorsomedial or dorsolateral striatum on methamphetamine conditioning self-administration acquisition, extinction and reinstatement in rats: reversible inactivation and Fos expression study
  Rubio, F.J., Liu Q.-R., Li X., Cruz F.C., Leao R.M., Warren B.L., Kambhampati S., Babin K.R., McPherson K.B., Cimbro R., Bossert J.M., Shaham Y., Hope B.T. - 2015

  NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   EXTINCTION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   PROTEINS AND GENES   STRIATUM
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2015: 35, 6464-6471

Interaction of insular cortex and ventral striatum mediates the effect of incentive memory on choice between goal-directed actions

Authors: Parkes, S.L., Bradfield L.A., Balleine B.W.

  Reversible or irreversible insular cortex/accumbens disconnection on operant conditioning in the rat
  Parkes, S.L., Bradfield L.A., Balleine B.W. - 2015

  NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION
Contained in: Prog. Neurobiol., 2015: 124, 1-27

Nicotinic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic system: focus on nicotine effects

Authors: Pistillo, F., Clementi F., Zoli M., Gotti C.

  Nicotinic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission in ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex - Review
  Pistillo, F., Clementi F., Zoli M., Gotti C. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   GLUTAMATE   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2015: 132, 42-48

Functional interaction between the orexin-1 and CB1 receptors within the nucleus accumbens in the conditioned place preference induced by the lateral hypothalamus stimulation

Authors: Fatahi, Z., Assar N., Mahmoudi D., Pahlevani P., Moradi M., Haghparast A.

  Intra-accumbens carbachol, orexin antagonists and CB1 antagonists on conditioned place preference by lateral hypothalamus stimulation in rats
  Fatahi, Z., Assar N., Mahmoudi D., Pahlevani P., Moradi M., Haghparast A. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CANNABINOIDS   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   HYPOTHALAMUS   NEUROPEPTIDES   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 2015: 112, 8124-8129

Muscarinic regulation of dopamine and glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens

Authors: Shin, J.H., Adrover M.F., Wess J., Alvarez V.A.

  Muscarinic modulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic accumbal neuron excitability in mice
  Shin, J.H., Adrover M.F., Wess J., Alvarez V.A. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   DOPAMINE   GLUTAMATE   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Physiol. Behav., 2015: 149, 131-141

Maternal nicotine exposure during lactation alters food preference, anxiety-like behavior and the brain dopaminergic reward system in the adult rat offspring

Authors: Pinheiro, C.R., Moura E.G., Manhaes A.C., Fraga M.C., Claudio-Neto S., Younes-Rapozo V., Santos-Silva A.P., Lotufo B.M., Oliveira E., Lisboa P.C.

  Maternal exposure to nicotine during lactation on food preference, locomotion/exploration and striatal/accumbens/hypothalamic D2 receptor expression in adult rats offspring
  Pinheiro, C.R., Moura E.G., Manhaes A.C., Fraga M.C., Claudio-Neto S., Younes-Rapozo V., Santos-Silva A.P., Lotufo B.M., Oliveira E., Lisboa P.C. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   DOPAMINE   FEEDING AND DRINKING   HYPOTHALAMUS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   STRIATUM
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2015: 232, 639-649

Ethanol and nicotine interaction within the posterior ventral tegmental area in male and female alcohol-preferring rats: evidence of synergy and differential gene activation in the nucleus accumbens shell

Authors: Truitt, W.A., hauser S.R., Deehan G.A. Jr., Toalston J.E., Wilden J.A., Bell R.L., McBride W.J., Rodd Z.A.

  Intra-ventral tegmental area nicotine and ethanol conditioned self-administration on accumbens brain-derived neurotrophic factor/GABA/glutamate expression in male and female rats
  Truitt, W.A., hauser S.R., Deehan G.A. Jr., Toalston J.E., Wilden J.A., Bell R.L., McBride W.J., Rodd Z.A. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   OPERANT CONDITIONING   GENDER   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2015: 301, 384-394

Distinct effects of ventral tegmental area NMDA and acetylcholine receptor blockade on conditioned reinforcement produced by food-associated cues

Authors: Wickham, R.J., Solecki W.B., Nunes E.J., Addy N.A.

  Cholinergic and NMDA modulation of dopaminergic ventral tegmental area/accumbal system in Pavlovian appetitive conditioning of rats
  Wickham, R.J., Solecki W.B., Nunes E.J., Addy N.A. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   FEEDING AND DRINKING   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2015: 304, 161-175

α6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in midbrain dopamine neurons are poised to govern dopamine-mediated behaviors and synaptic plasticity

Authors: Berry, J.N., Engle S.E., McIntosh J.M., Drenan R.M.

  α6 nicotinic acetykcholine receptor on midbrain dopaminergic neuron modulation, vetral tegmental area long-term potentiation and locomotor activity in mice
  Berry, J.N., Engle S.E., McIntosh J.M., Drenan R.M. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   DOPAMINE   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2015: 232, 1681-1692

Nicotine effects in adolescence and adulthood on cognition and α4β2-nicotinic receptors in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion rat model of schizophrenia

Authors: Berg, S.A., Sentir A.M., Bell R.L., Engleman E.A., Chambers R.A.

  Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions on spatial learning and brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density in adolescent and adult rats: nicotine exposure effects
  Berg, S.A., Sentir A.M., Bell R.L., Engleman E.A., Chambers R.A. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SEXUAL BEHAVIOR   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   STRIATUM
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2015: 232, 2741-2749

Basolateral amygdala and ventral hippocampus in stress-induced amplification of nicotine self-administration during reacquisition in rat

Authors: Yu, G., Sharp B.M.

  Basolateral amygdala, hippocampus and accumbens role in stress effects on nicotine operant self-administration in rats: functional inactivation disconnection study
  Yu, G., Sharp B.M. - 2015

  ACETYLCHOLINE   NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   AMYGDALA   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   STRESS
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2015: 297, 170-181

Neurochemical and electrophysiological deficits in the ventral hippocampus and selective behavioral alterations caused by high-fat diet in female C57BL/6 mice

Authors: Krishna, S., Keralapurath M.M., Lin Z., Wagner J.J., De La Serre C.B., Harn D.A., Filipov N.M.

  High-fat diet on brain monoamine levels, hippocampal excitability, exploratory activity and response to stress in mice
  Krishna, S., Keralapurath M.M., Lin Z., Wagner J.J., De La Serre C.B., Harn D.A., Filipov N.M. - 2015

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   FEEDING AND DRINKING   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   SEROTONIN   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   STRESS   STRIATUM
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2015: 35, 161-169

Methylphenidate and atomoxetine inhibit social play behavior through prefrontal and subcortical limbic mechanisms in rats

Authors: Achterberg, E.J.M., van Kerkhof L.W.M., Damsteegt R., Trezza V., Vanderschuren L.J.M.J.

  Local intra-brain methylphenidate or atomoxetine injection on locomotor activity and social behavior in rats
  Achterberg, E.J.M., van Kerkhof L.W.M., Damsteegt R., Trezza V., Vanderschuren L.J.M.J. - 2015

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   AMYGDALA   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2015: 95, 168-180

Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor mediates the activity of the reward system evoked by morphine-induced conditioned place preference

Authors: Lasheras, M.C., Laorden M.L., Milanes M.V., Nunez C.

  Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonist on conditioned place preference by morphine and related accumbens/ventral tegmental area/locus coeruleus/nucleus solitary tract/lateral hypothalamus c-fos/noradrenergic expression in mice
  Lasheras, M.C., Laorden M.L., Milanes M.V., Nunez C. - 2015

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   HYPOTHALAMUS   OPIOIDS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   PROTEINS AND GENES   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2015: 35, 3460-3469

Norepinephrine activates dopamine D4 receptors in the rat lateral habenula

Authors: Root, D.H., Hoffman A.F., Good C.H., Zhang S., Gigante E., Lupica C.R., Morales M.

  Lateral habenula D4 receptor activation via norepinephrine modulation in rats
  Root, D.H., Hoffman A.F., Good C.H., Zhang S., Gigante E., Lupica C.R., Morales M. - 2015

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   DOPAMINE   PARABRACHIAL NUCLEI   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Contained in: Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2015: 30, 112-121

Regulation of chromatin states by drugs of abuse

Authors: Walker, D.M., Cates H.M., Heller E.A., Nestler E.J.

  Histone marks, chromatine states and drug abuse - Review
  Walker, D.M., Cates H.M., Heller E.A., Nestler E.J. - 2015

  AMYGDALA   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   PROTEINS AND GENES   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2015: 49, 1-7

The role of high-frequency oscillatory activity in reward processing and learning

Authors: Marco-Pallares, J., Munte T.F., Rodriguez-Fornells A.

  Beta-gamma activity on attention and memory in reward processing - Review
  Marco-Pallares, J., Munte T.F., Rodriguez-Fornells A. - 2015

  AMYGDALA   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   STRIATUM   SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Contained in: Brain Res., 2015: 1605, 59-69

Functional interactions between dentate gyrus, striatum and anterior thalamic nuclei on spatial memory retrieval

Authors: Mendez-Couz, M., Conejo N.M., Gonzalez-Pardo H., Arias J.L.

  Brain activation and spatial memory retrieval in rats: cytochrome oxidase study
  Mendez-Couz, M., Conejo N.M., Gonzalez-Pardo H., Arias J.L. - 2015

  AMYGDALA   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   ENTORHINAL CORTEX   PERIRHINAL CORTEX   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   SEPTUM   STRIATUM
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2015: 277, 58-67

Serotonin and stress coping

Authors: Puglisi-Allegra, S., Andolina D.

  Serotonin and stress - Review
  Puglisi-Allegra, S., Andolina D. - 2015

  AMYGDALA   CEREBRAL CORTEX   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   SEROTONIN   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   STRESS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2015: 278, 337-341

Comparison of the effects on brain stimulation reward of D1 blockade or D2 stimulation combined with AMPA blockade in the extended amygdala and nucleus accumbens

Authors: Waraczynski, M., Kuehn L., Schmid E., Stoehr M., Zwifelhofer W.

  Intra-nucleus accumbens or amygdala D1 antagonist, D2 agonist or AMPA antagonist on medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation effects in rats
  Waraczynski, M., Kuehn L., Schmid E., Stoehr M., Zwifelhofer W. - 2015

  AMYGDALA   OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   GLUTAMATE   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
Contained in: Science, 2015: 348, 560-563

Selective information routing by ventral hippocampal CA1 projection neurons

Authors: Ciocchi, S., Passecker J., Malagon-Vina H., Mikus N., Klausberger T.

  Ventral hippocampal neuron firing during spatial learning and exploration in rats
  Ciocchi, S., Passecker J., Malagon-Vina H., Mikus N., Klausberger T. - 2015

  AMYGDALA   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
Contained in: Cell., 2015: 162, 622-634

Circuit architecture of VTA dopamine neurons revealed by systematic input-ouput mapping

Authors: Beier, K.T., Steinberg E.E., DeLoach K.E., Xie S., Miyamichi K., Schwarz L., Gao X.J., Kremer E.J., Malenka R.C., Luo L.

  Ventral tegmental area dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons on operant conditioning circuits in mice
  Beier, K.T., Steinberg E.E., DeLoach K.E., Xie S., Miyamichi K., Schwarz L., Gao X.J., Kremer E.J., Malenka R.C., Luo L. - 2015

  AMYGDALA   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION