2014

Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2014: 573, 13-18

Exercise ameliorates depression-like behavior and increases hippocampal BDNF level in ovariectomized rats

Authors: Lu, J., Xu Y., Hu W., Gao Y., Ni X., Sheng H., Liu Y.

  Exercise on hippocampal, cortical brain derived neurotrophic factor expression, response to stress, exploratory activity in control and ovariectomized female rats: estrogen modulation
  Lu, J., Xu Y., Hu W., Gao Y., Ni X., Sheng H., Liu Y. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   GONADAL HORMONES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   STRESS
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2014: 576, 6-10

Long-term differential effects of chronic young-adult corticosterone exposure on anxiety and depression-like behavior in BDNF heterozygous rats dependent on the experimental paradigm used

Authors: Gururajan, A., Hill R., Van den Buuse M.

  Chronic corticosterone exposure on locomotio, exploration in rats: brain derived neurotrophic factor modulation role
  Gururajan, A., Hill R., Van den Buuse M. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 271, 116-121

Effects of curcumin on learning and memory deficits, BDNF, and ERK protein expression in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress

Authors: Liu, D., Wang Z., Gao Z., Xie K., Zhang Q., Jiang H., Pang Q.

  Curcumin on stress effects on Morris water maze performance, locomotion, exploration, neophobia and hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression in rats
  Liu, D., Wang Z., Gao Z., Xie K., Zhang Q., Jiang H., Pang Q. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEOPHOBIA   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   PROTEIN KINASES   STRESS
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2014: 578, 100-105

Further evidence for the role of interferon-gamma on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors: involvement of hippocampal neurogenesis and NGF production

Authors: Campos, A.C., Vaz G.N., Saito V.W., Teixeirn A.L.

  Interferon-gamma on hippocampal neurogenesis, nerve growth factore and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels, fear conditioning, exploratory activity and response to stress in mice
  Campos, A.C., Vaz G.N., Saito V.W., Teixeirn A.L. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROPEPTIDES   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   STRESS
Contained in: Exp. Brain Res., 2014: 232, 2957-2966

Infusion of growth hormone into the hippocampus induces molecular and behavioral responses in mice

Authors: Srimontri, P., Hirota H., Kanno H., Okada T., Hirabayashi Y., Kato K.

  Intra-hippocampal growth hormone on brain early gene expression and locomotion/exploration in mice
  Srimontri, P., Hirota H., Kanno H., Okada T., Hirabayashi Y., Kato K. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Brain Res., 2014: 1577, 77-88

Irradiation-induced hippocampal neurogenesis impairment is associated with epigenetic regulation of bdnf gene transcription

Authors: Ji, S., Tian Y., Lu Y., Sun R., Ji J., Zhang L., Duan S.

  Brain irradiation on exploratory activity, passive avoidance, Morris water maze performance, hippocampal neurogenesis, epigenetic regulation and brain derived neurotrophic factor expression in rats
  Ji, S., Tian Y., Lu Y., Sun R., Ji J., Zhang L., Duan S. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   AVOIDANCE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Hippocampus, 2014: 24, 1197-1211

Sex-specific disruptions in spatial memory and anhedonia in a "two hit" rat model correspond with alterations in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and signaling

Authors: Hill, R.A., Klig M., Von Soly S.K., Binder M.D., Hannan A.J., van den Buuse M.

  Corticosterone on hippocampal brain derived neurotrofic factor expression, exploratory activity and anhedonia in male and female rats
  Hill, R.A., Klig M., Von Soly S.K., Binder M.D., Hannan A.J., van den Buuse M. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   GENDER   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS
Contained in: Brain Res., 2014: 1592, 113-123

Environmental enrichment enhances autophagy signaling in the rat hippocampus

Authors: Takahashi, T., Shimizu K., Shimazaki K., Toda H., Nibuya M.

  Environemental enrichment on hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor level, locomotion, exploration and response to stress in rats
  Takahashi, T., Shimizu K., Shimazaki K., Toda H., Nibuya M. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   STRESS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 275, 191-200

Progressive alterations of hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses in an animal model of depression

Authors: Qiao, H., An S.-C., Ren W., Ma X.-M.

  Stress on hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor level and plasticity, neophobia, response to stress and exploratory activity in rats
  Qiao, H., An S.-C., Ren W., Ma X.-M. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NEOPHOBIA   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   STRESS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 259, 302-312

Interaction between serum BDNF and aerobic fitness predicts recognition memory in healthy young adults

Authors: Whiteman, A.S., Young D.E., He X., Chen T.C., Wagenaar R.C., Stern C.E., Schon K.

  Serum brain derived neurotrophic factor and locomotor activity on recognition memory in humans
  Whiteman, A.S., Young D.E., He X., Chen T.C., Wagenaar R.C., Stern C.E., Schon K. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2014: 231, 159-166

7, 8-dihydroxyflavone, a TrkB agonist, attenuates behavioral abnormalities and neurotoxicity in mice after administration of methamphetamine

Authors: Ren, Q., Zhang J.-C., Ma M., Fujita Y., Wu J., Hashimoto K.

  Tyrosine receptor kinase B agonists and antagonists on locomotor sensitization and dopaminergic neurotoxicity by methamphetamine in mice
  Ren, Q., Zhang J.-C., Ma M., Fujita Y., Wu J., Hashimoto K. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   DOPAMINE   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   STRIATUM
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2014: 114, 40-50

Exercise reduces diet-induced cognitive decline and increases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in CA3 neurons

Authors: Noble, E.E., Mavanji V., Little M.R., Billington C.J., Kotz C.M., Wang C.

  Exercise and diet on hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and active avoidance in rats
  Noble, E.E., Mavanji V., Little M.R., Billington C.J., Kotz C.M., Wang C. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   AVOIDANCE   FEEDING AND DRINKING   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2014: 107, 54-60

Eating habits modulate short term memory and epigenetical regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampus of low- and high-running capacity rats

Authors: Torma, F., Bori Z., Koltai E., Felszeghy K., Vacz G., Koch L., Britton S., Boldogh I., Radak Z.

  Feeding and locomotor activity on hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor, epigenetical modulation and passive avoidance in rats
  Torma, F., Bori Z., Koltai E., Felszeghy K., Vacz G., Koch L., Britton S., Boldogh I., Radak Z. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   FEEDING AND DRINKING   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 272, 131-140

Voluntary wheel running, but not a diet containing (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and β-alanine, improves learning, memory and hipocampal neurogenesis in aged mice

Authors: Gibbons, T.E., Pence B.D., Petr G., Ossyra J.M., Mach H.C., Bhattacharya T.K., Perez S., Martin S.A., McCusker R.H., Kelley K.W., Rhodes J.S., Johnson R.W., Woods J.A.

  Voluntary wheel running and diet containing (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and β-alanine on hippocampal neurogenesis/mRNA expression, cerebellar cell oxidative stress, fear conditioning and Morris water maze performance in aged mice
  Gibbons, T.E., Pence B.D., Petr G., Ossyra J.M., Mach H.C., Bhattacharya T.K., Perez S., Martin S.A., McCusker R.H., Kelley K.W., Rhodes J.S., Johnson R.W., Woods J.A. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   CEREBELLUM   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROPEPTIDES   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 275, 252-258

Time course of motor and cognitive functions after chronic cerebral ischemia in rats

Authors: Damodaran, T., Hassan Z., Navaratnam V., Muzaimi M., Ng G., Muller C.P., Liao P., Dringenberg H.C.

  Chronic cerebral ischemia on locomotion, passive avoidance, Morris water maze performance and hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor in rats
  Damodaran, T., Hassan Z., Navaratnam V., Muzaimi M., Ng G., Muller C.P., Liao P., Dringenberg H.C. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   AVOIDANCE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 275, 297-306

BDNF-stimulated intracellular signalling mechanisms underlie exercise-induced improvement in spatial memory in the male Wistar rat

Authors: Bechara, R.G., Lyne R., Kelly A.M.

  Locomotor exercise and intracerebroventricular brain derived neurotrophic factor on spatial learning and hippocampal neurogenesis/plasticity in rats
  Bechara, R.G., Lyne R., Kelly A.M. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   PROTEIN KINASES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 263, 34-45

Hippocampal biomarkers of fear memory in an animal model of generalized anxiety disorder

Authors: Pereira Dias, G., do Nascimento Bevilaqua M.C., Silveira da Luz A.C.D., Fleming R.L., de Carvalho L.A., Cocks G., Beckman D., Hosken L.C., De Sant'Anna Machado W., Correa-e-Castro A.C., Mousovich-Neto F., de Castro Gomes V., de Nazareth Tavares Bastos G., Cussa Kubrusly R.C., Correa da Costa V.M., Srivastava D., Landeira-Fernandez J., Nardi A.E., Thuret S., Gardino P.F.

  Passive avoidance and Morris watre maze performance, hippocampal neurogenesis/plasticity and brain derived neurotrophic factor/glucocorticoid/GABA expression in different freezing expressing rat strains
  Pereira Dias, G., do Nascimento Bevilaqua M.C., Silveira da Luz A.C.D., Fleming R.L., de Carvalho L.A., Cocks G., Beckman D., Hosken L.C., De Sant'Anna Machado W., Correa-e-Castro A.C., Mousovich-Neto F., de Castro Gomes V., de Nazareth Tavares Bastos G., Cussa Kubrusly R.C., Correa da Costa V.M., Srivastava D., Landeira-Fernandez J., Nardi A.E., Thuret S., Gardino P.F. - 2014

  AVOIDANCE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   STRAIN   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2014: 572, 58-62

Spicatoside A enhances memory consolidation through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mice

Authors: Kwon, U., Lee R.E., Lee D.H., Woo H., Park S.J., Gao Q., Ahn Y.J., Son K.H., Ryu J.H.

  Spicatoside A on passive avoidance consolidation via brain derived neurotrophic factor modulation in mice
  Kwon, U., Lee R.E., Lee D.H., Woo H., Park S.J., Gao Q., Ahn Y.J., Son K.H., Ryu J.H. - 2014

  AVOIDANCE   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS   CONSOLIDATION
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2014: 108, 67-73

Oroxylin A enhances memory consolidation through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mice

Authors: Kim, D.H., Lee Y., Lee H.E., Park S.J., Jeon S.J., Jeon S.J., Cheong J.H., Shin C.Y., Son K.H., Ryu J.H.

  Flavonoid oroxylin A on hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor and passive avoidance consolidation in mice
  Kim, D.H., Lee Y., Lee H.E., Park S.J., Jeon S.J., Jeon S.J., Cheong J.H., Shin C.Y., Son K.H., Ryu J.H. - 2014

  AVOIDANCE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS   CONSOLIDATION
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2014: 34,7862-7870

Effects of resveratrol on memory performance, hippocampal functional connectivity, and glucose metabolism in healthy older adults

Authors: Witte, A.V., Kerti L., Margulies D.S., Floel A.

  Resveratrol on blood neurotrophic factors, leptin levels, hippocampal functional connectivity and memory retention in old humans
  Witte, A.V., Kerti L., Margulies D.S., Floel A. - 2014

  BRAIN IMAGING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROPEPTIDES   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 263, 210-216

Hippocampal BDNF treatment facilitates consolidation of spatial memory in spontaneous place recognition in rats

Authors: Ozawa, T., Yamada K., Ichitani Y.

  Intra-hippocampal anisomycin and brain derived neurotrophic factor on spontaneous place recognition in rats
  Ozawa, T., Yamada K., Ichitani Y. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   PROTEINS AND GENES   CONSOLIDATION
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2014: 231, 899-907

Antagonism of brain insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors blocks estradiol effects on memory and levels of hippocampal synaptic proteins in ovariectomized rats

Authors: Nelson, B.S., Spinger R.C., Daniel J.M.

  Intracerebroventricular insulin-like growth factor 1 antagonist on estradiol effects on spatial learning and hippocampal synaptic proteins in ovariectomized rats
  Nelson, B.S., Spinger R.C., Daniel J.M. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   GONADAL HORMONES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2014: 122, 266-272

Spatial learning in the Morris water maze in mice genetically different in the predisposition to catalepsy: the effect of intraventricular treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Authors: Kulikov, A.V., Fursenko D.V., Khotskin N.V., Bazovkina D.V., Kulikov V.A., Naumenki V.S., Bazhenova E.Y., Popova N.K.

  Intracerebroventricular brain derived neurotrophic factor on Morris water maze performance in mice of different strains: cortex and hippocamòpus interleukin expression
  Kulikov, A.V., Fursenko D.V., Khotskin N.V., Bazovkina D.V., Kulikov V.A., Naumenki V.S., Bazhenova E.Y., Popova N.K. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   STRAIN   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROPEPTIDES   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS
Contained in: Brain Res., 2014: 1581, 30-39

Circadian modulation of memory and plasticity gene products in a diurnal species

Authors: Martin-Fairey, C.A., Nunez A.A.

  Circadian Morris water maze performance and hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rats
  Martin-Fairey, C.A., Nunez A.A. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 274, 1-9

Effect of GDNF on depressive-like behavior, spatial learning and key genes of the brain dopamine system in genetically predisposed to behavioral disorders mouse strains

Authors: Naumenko, V.S., Kondaurova E.M., Bazovkina D.V., Tsybko A.S., Ilchibaeva T.V., Khotskin N.V., Semenova A.A., Popova N.K.

  Intracerebroventricular glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on response to stress, Morris water maze performance and acumbal dopaminergic modulation in mice of different strains
  Naumenko, V.S., Kondaurova E.M., Bazovkina D.V., Tsybko A.S., Ilchibaeva T.V., Khotskin N.V., Semenova A.A., Popova N.K. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   STRAIN   DOPAMINE   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   PROTEINS AND GENES   STRESS
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2014: 126, 83-89

Epigenetic suppression of hippocampal BDNF mediates the memory deficiency induced by amyloid fibrils

Authors: Wang, B.-Y., Zhong Y., Zhao Z., Miao Y.

  Amyloid fibrils and histone deacetylase 2 on hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor expression/excitability and spatial learning in rats
  Wang, B.-Y., Zhong Y., Zhao Z., Miao Y. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Eur. J. Neurosci., 2014: 40, 3351-3362

Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates recovery from chronic stress-induced spatial reference memory deficits

Authors: Ortiz, J.B., Mathewson C.M., Hoffman A.N., Hanavan P.D., Terwilliger E.F., Conrad C.D.

  Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and stress effects on spatial reference memory in rats
  Ortiz, J.B., Mathewson C.M., Hoffman A.N., Hanavan P.D., Terwilliger E.F., Conrad C.D. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   STRESS
Contained in: Brain Res., 2014: 1592, 34-43

Influenza A(H1N1) vaccination during early pregnancy transiently promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and working memory. Involvement of Th1/Th2 balance

Authors: Xia, Y., Qi F., Zou J., Yao Z.

  Influenza A(H1N1) vaccination during early pregnancy on hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning in female mice: role of Th1/Th2 cytokines
  Xia, Y., Qi F., Zou J., Yao Z. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROPEPTIDES   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2014: 260, 158-170

Environmental enrichment induces neuroplastic changes in middle age female BALBC mice and increase the hippocampal levels of BDNF, p-Akt and p-MAPK1/2

Authors: Ramirez-Rodriguez, G., Ocana-Fernandez M.A., Vega-Rivera N.M., Torres-Perez O.M., Gomez-Sanchez A., Estrada-Camarena E., Ortiz-Lopez L.

  Environmental enrichment on hippocampal neurogenesis, plasticity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mitogen-activate protein kinase 1/2 levels in mice
  Ramirez-Rodriguez, G., Ocana-Fernandez M.A., Vega-Rivera N.M., Torres-Perez O.M., Gomez-Sanchez A., Estrada-Camarena E., Ortiz-Lopez L. - 2014

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   PROTEIN KINASES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 272, 269-278

An enriched environment ameliorates memory imapirments in PACAP-deficient mice

Authors: Takuma, K., Maeda Y., Aho Y., Ishihama T., Takemoto K., Nakagawa A., Shintani N., Hashimoto H., Baba A., Matsuda T.

  Environmental enrichment rearing on learning and hippocampal plasticity deficit by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide lacking in mice
  Takuma, K., Maeda Y., Aho Y., Ishihama T., Takemoto K., Nakagawa A., Shintani N., Hashimoto H., Baba A., Matsuda T. - 2014

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   PROTEIN KINASES   VIP, PACAP, EPAC