2014

Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 270, 68-74

Sex differences in diazepam effects and parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons in trait anxiety Long Evans rats

Authors: Ravenelle, R., Neugebauer N.M., Niedzielak T., Donaldson S.T.

  Amygdala, putamen and hippocampus parvalbumin-positive GABAergic neurons and diazepam effects on exploratory activity in male and female rats
  Ravenelle, R., Neugebauer N.M., Niedzielak T., Donaldson S.T. - 2014

  AMYGDALA   ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   GENDER   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRIATUM
Contained in: NeuroReport, 2014: 25, 932-937

Distinct anxiogenic/anxiolytic effects exerted by the hamster lateral amygdalar nucleus injected with ORX-A or ORX-B in the presence of a GABAergic agonist

Authors: Avolio, E., Biasone A., Mele M., Alò R.

  Intra-amygdala GABA-A agonist, orexin A and B effects on locomotion/exploration in humans
  Avolio, E., Biasone A., Mele M., Alò R. - 2014

  AMYGDALA   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   DARK/LIGHT CONTEXT   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NEUROPEPTIDES
Contained in: Cell, 2014: 158, 1348-1361

Antagonistic control of social versus repetitive self-grooming behaviors by separable amygdala neuronal subsets

Authors: Hong, W., Kim D.-W., Anderson D.J.

  Amygdalar glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons on self-grooming and aggressive behavior in mice
  Hong, W., Kim D.-W., Anderson D.J. - 2014

  AMYGDALA   AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   STEROTYPED BEHAVIORS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Eur. J. Neurosci., 2014: 40, 3302-3315

Emotions and motivated behavior converge on an amygdala-like structure in the zebrafish

Authors: von Trotha, J.W., Vernier P., Bally-Cuif L.

  Pavlovian conditioning, adult neurogenesis and amphetamine response in zebrafishes of different age: amygdala-like structure role
  von Trotha, J.W., Vernier P., Bally-Cuif L. - 2014

  AMYGDALA   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   AGE   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Nat. Neurosci., 2014: 17, 1583-1590

Social learning and amygdala disruptions in Nf1 mice are rescued by blocking p21-activated kinase

Authors: Molosh, A.I., Johnson P.L., Spence J.P., Arendt D., Federici L.M., Bernabe C., Janasik S.P., Segu Z.M., Khanna R., Goswami C., Zhu W., Park S.-J., Li L., Mechref Y.S., Clapp D.W., Shekhar A.

  Neurofibromatosis type 1 gene on amygdalar excitability, glutamate/GABA levels and social recognition in mice
  Molosh, A.I., Johnson P.L., Spence J.P., Arendt D., Federici L.M., Bernabe C., Janasik S.P., Segu Z.M., Khanna R., Goswami C., Zhu W., Park S.-J., Li L., Mechref Y.S., Clapp D.W., Shekhar A. - 2014

  AMYGDALA   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   PROTEIN KINASES   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Neuron, 2014: 84, 835-846

Maintenance of GABAergic activity by neuregulin 1-ErbB4 in amygdala for fear memory

Authors: Lu, Y., Sun X.-D., Hou F.-Q., Bi L.-L., Yin D.-M., Liu F., Chen Y.-J., Bean J.C., Jiao H.-F., Li B.-M., Xiong W.-C., Gao T.-M., Mei L.

  Neuregulin 1 factor on GABAergic activity in amygdala, fear conditioning and neuron excitability in mice
  Lu, Y., Sun X.-D., Hou F.-Q., Bi L.-L., Yin D.-M., Liu F., Chen Y.-J., Bean J.C., Jiao H.-F., Li B.-M., Xiong W.-C., Gao T.-M., Mei L. - 2014

  AMYGDALA   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2014: 11, 40-46

A possible mechanism for the anxiolytic-like effect of gallic acid in the rat elevated plus maze

Authors: Mansouri, M.T., Soltani M., Naghizadeh B., Farbood Y., Mashak A., Sarkaki A.

  Serotonin antagonist, GABA agonist and antagonist and buspirone effects on locomotion/exploration in rats
  Mansouri, M.T., Soltani M., Naghizadeh B., Farbood Y., Mashak A., Sarkaki A. - 2014

  ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   SEROTONIN
Contained in: Brain Res., 2014: 1554, 36-48

Sh-I-048A, an in vitro non-selective super-agonist at the benzodiazepine site of GABAA receptors: the approximated activated of receptor subtypes may explain behavioral effects

Authors: Obradovic, A.Lj., Joksimovic S., Poe M.M., Ramerstorfer J., Varagic Z., Namjoshi O., Batinic B., Radulovic T., Markovic B., Roth B.L., Sieghart W., Cook J.M., Savic M.M.

  Sh-I-048A an diazepam on exploratory/locomotor activity and spatial learning in rats
  Obradovic, A.Lj., Joksimovic S., Poe M.M., Ramerstorfer J., Varagic Z., Namjoshi O., Batinic B., Radulovic T., Markovic B., Roth B.L., Sieghart W., Cook J.M., Savic M.M. - 2014

  ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: Brain Res., 2014: 1555, 28-35

Central α- and β-thujone: similar anxiogenic-like effects and differential modulation on GABAA receptors in neonatal chicks

Authors: Rivera, E.M., Cid M.P., Zunino P., Baiardi G., Salvatierra N.A.

  Intracerebroventricular GABA-A antagonist on locomotion in chicks
  Rivera, E.M., Cid M.P., Zunino P., Baiardi G., Salvatierra N.A. - 2014

  ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: Brani Res. Bull., 2014: 104, 1-6

Duration of treatment and activation of α1-containing GABAA receptors variably affect the level of anxiety and seizure susceptibility after diazepam withdrawal in rats

Authors: Kovacevic, J., Timic T., Tiruveedhula V.V., Batinic B., Namjoshi O.A., Milic M., Joksimovic S., Cook J.M., Savic M.M.

  Diazepam and pentylentetrazole-induced seizures and exploratory activity in rats
  Kovacevic, J., Timic T., Tiruveedhula V.V., Batinic B., Namjoshi O.A., Milic M., Joksimovic S., Cook J.M., Savic M.M. - 2014

  ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 274, 258-263

Genetic inactivation of midkine modulates behavioural responses to ethanol possibly by enhancing GABA(A) receptor sensitivity to GABA(A) acting drugs

Authors: Vicente-Rodriguez, M., Perez-Garcia C., Haro M., Ramos M.P., Herradon G.

  Midkine cytokine on locomotion/exploration and conditioned place preference by ethanol in mice: GABAergic modulation
  Vicente-Rodriguez, M., Perez-Garcia C., Haro M., Ramos M.P., Herradon G. - 2014

  ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NEUROPEPTIDES
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2014: 34, 804-816

Postsynaptic GABAB receptor activity regulates excitatory neuronal architecture and spatial memory

Authors: Terunuma, M., Revilla-Sanchez R., Quadros I.M., Deng Q., Deeb T.Z., Lumb M., Sicinski P., Haydon P.G., Pangalos M.N., Moss S.J.

  GABA-B receptor role in hippocampal neuron excitability and plasticity, fear conditioning, spatial learning and exploratory activity in mice
  Terunuma, M., Revilla-Sanchez R., Quadros I.M., Deng Q., Deeb T.Z., Lumb M., Sicinski P., Haydon P.G., Pangalos M.N., Moss S.J. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2014: 275, 238-247

Loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) in GPR88¬-expressing neurons induces learning and social behavior deficits in mice

Authors: Zhang, K., Hill K., Labak S., Blatt G.J., Soghomonian J.-J.

  Glutamic acid decarboxylase deficit on social behavior, locomotion, exploration and spatial learning in mice
  Zhang, K., Hill K., Labak S., Blatt G.J., Soghomonian J.-J. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2014: 109, 132-142

Altered behavioral development in Nrf2 knockout mice following early postnatal exposure to valproic acid

Authors: Furnari, M.A., Saw C.L.-L., Kong A.-N., Wagner G.C.

  Post-natal valproic acid and Nrf2 transcriptor factor on locomotion/exploration and spatial learning in male and female young mice
  Furnari, M.A., Saw C.L.-L., Kong A.-N., Wagner G.C. - 2014

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   GENDER   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2014: 34, 6736-6745

α-melanocyte stimulating hormone prevents GABAergic neuronal loss and improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease

Authors: Ma, K., McLaurin J.A.

  Systemic melanocyte stimulating hormone on brain amyloid β plaque effects on hippocampal GABAergic neuron damage, locomotion/exploration and spatial learning in mice
  Ma, K., McLaurin J.A. - 2015

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   MELANOCITE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH) AND MELANIN
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2014: 272, 180-187

Differences in the reinstatement of ethanol seeking with ganaxolone and gaboxadol

Authors: Ramaker, M.J., Ford M.M., Phillips T.J., Finn D.A.

  Allopregnenolone and GABA-A agonists on locomotor activity, ethanol self-administration, extinction and reinstatement in mice
  Ramaker, M.J., Ford M.M., Phillips T.J., Finn D.A. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   OPERANT CONDITIONING   EXTINCTION   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GONADAL HORMONES   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 275, 43-52

Vocalizations associated with anxiety and fear in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Authors: Kato, Y., Gokan H., Oh-Nishi A., Suhara T., Watanabe S., Minamimoto T.

  Vocalization during fear and anxiety conditions in marmosets
  Kato, Y., Gokan H., Oh-Nishi A., Suhara T., Watanabe S., Minamimoto T. - 2014

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   STEROTYPED BEHAVIORS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 263, 34-45

Hippocampal biomarkers of fear memory in an animal model of generalized anxiety disorder

Authors: Pereira Dias, G., do Nascimento Bevilaqua M.C., Silveira da Luz A.C.D., Fleming R.L., de Carvalho L.A., Cocks G., Beckman D., Hosken L.C., De Sant'Anna Machado W., Correa-e-Castro A.C., Mousovich-Neto F., de Castro Gomes V., de Nazareth Tavares Bastos G., Cussa Kubrusly R.C., Correa da Costa V.M., Srivastava D., Landeira-Fernandez J., Nardi A.E., Thuret S., Gardino P.F.

  Passive avoidance and Morris watre maze performance, hippocampal neurogenesis/plasticity and brain derived neurotrophic factor/glucocorticoid/GABA expression in different freezing expressing rat strains
  Pereira Dias, G., do Nascimento Bevilaqua M.C., Silveira da Luz A.C.D., Fleming R.L., de Carvalho L.A., Cocks G., Beckman D., Hosken L.C., De Sant'Anna Machado W., Correa-e-Castro A.C., Mousovich-Neto F., de Castro Gomes V., de Nazareth Tavares Bastos G., Cussa Kubrusly R.C., Correa da Costa V.M., Srivastava D., Landeira-Fernandez J., Nardi A.E., Thuret S., Gardino P.F. - 2014

  AVOIDANCE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   STRAIN   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Eur. J. Neurosci., 2014: 40, 2293-2298

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 receptors on GABAergic vs. glutamatergic neurons differentially gate sex-dependent social interest in mice

Authors: Terzian, A.L.B., Micale V., Wotjak C.T.

  CB1 receptor role on social and sexual behavior in male and female mice: glutamatergic and GABAergic receptor modulation
  Terzian, A.L.B., Micale V., Wotjak C.T. - 2014

  CANNABINOIDS   SEXUAL BEHAVIOR   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   GENDER   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   GONADAL HORMONES
Contained in: Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2014: 47, 203-224

Endocannabinoid signaling and food addiction

Authors: D'Addario, C., Micioni di Bonaventura M.V., Pucci M., Romano A., Gaetani S., Ciccocioppo R., Cifani C., Maccarrone M.

  Cannabinoids, feeding and food reward mechanisms - Review
  D'Addario, C., Micioni di Bonaventura M.V., Pucci M., Romano A., Gaetani S., Ciccocioppo R., Cifani C., Maccarrone M. - 2014

  CANNABINOIDS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   FEEDING AND DRINKING   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2014: 114, 26-31

Effects of intrahippocampal GABAB receptor antagonist treatment on the behavioral long-term potentiation and Y-maze learning performance

Authors: Liu, Q.-Y., Wang C.-Y., Cai Z.-L., Xu S.-T., Liu W.-X., Xiao P., Li C.-H.

  Intra-hippocampal GABA-B antagonists on hippocampal neuron excitability and spatial learning in rats
  Liu, Q.-Y., Wang C.-Y., Cai Z.-L., Xu S.-T., Liu W.-X., Xiao P., Li C.-H. - 2014

  ACETYLCHOLINE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2014: 272, 141-149

Increased CRF mRNA expression in the sexually dimorphic BNST of male but not female GAD67 mice and TMT predator odor stress effects upon spatial memory retrieval

Authors: Janitzky, K., Peine A., Krober A., Yanagawa Y., Schwegler H., Roskoden T.

  GABAergic modulation on bed nucleus of the stria terminalis corticotropin-releasing factor expression, response to predator odor stress and spatial memory in male and female mice
  Janitzky, K., Peine A., Krober A., Yanagawa Y., Schwegler H., Roskoden T. - 2014

  AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   GENDER   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRESS
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2014: 560, 62-66

Repeated exposure to propofol impairs spatial learning, inhibits LTP and reduces CaMKIIα in young rats

Authors: Gao, J., Peng S., Xiang S., Huang J., Chen P.

  GABA agonbist propofol on Morris water maze performance, hippocampal long-term potentiation, plasticity and calcium calmodulin kinase II expression in rats
  Gao, J., Peng S., Xiang S., Huang J., Chen P. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   PROTEIN KINASES
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2014: 268, 75-86

PKC activators enhance GABAergic neurotransmission and paired-pulse facilitation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons

Authors: Xu, C., Liu Q.-Y., Alkon D.L.

  Protein kinase C role in spatial navigation and hippocampal GABAergic neuron excitability of rats
  Xu, C., Liu Q.-Y., Alkon D.L. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   OPIOIDS   PROTEIN KINASES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Hippocampus, 2014: 24, 943-962

N-cadherin regulates molecular organization of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic circuits in adult hippocampus in vivo

Authors: Nikitczuk, J.S., Patil S.B., Matikainen-Ankney B.A., Scarpa J., Shapiro M.L., Benson D.L., Huntley G.W.

  N-cadherinin on hippocampal plasticity and spatial learning in mice
  Nikitczuk, J.S., Patil S.B., Matikainen-Ankney B.A., Scarpa J., Shapiro M.L., Benson D.L., Huntley G.W. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLYCOPROTEINS   GLUTAMATE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2014: 580, 125-l29

Docosahexaenoic acid intake ameliorates ketamine-induced impairment of spatial cognition and learning ability in ICR mice

Authors: Huang, S., Dai Y., Zhang Z., Hao W., Chen H.

  Docosahexaenoic acid intake on spatial learning impairment induced by ketamine in mice: GABAergic modulation
  Huang, S., Dai Y., Zhang Z., Hao W., Chen H. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM
Contained in: Hippocampus, 2014: 24, 1466-1481

Repeated stimulation of dopamine D1-like receptor and hyperactivation on mTOR signaling lead to generalized seizures, altered dentate gyrus plasticity, and memory deficits

Authors: Gangarossa, G., Ceolin L., Paucard A., Lerner-Natoli M., Perroy J., Fagni L., Valjent E.

  D1 agonist on hippocampal neuron excitability, extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression and spatial learning in mice: mammalian target of rapamycin receptor modulation
  Gangarossa, G., Ceolin L., Paucard A., Lerner-Natoli M., Perroy J., Fagni L., Valjent E. - 2014

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   PROTEIN KINASES   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2014: 231, 2695-2703

Deletion of the GABAA α2-subunit does not alter self administration of cocaine or reinstatement of cocaine seeking

Authors: Dixon, C.I., Halbout B., King S.L., Stephens D.N.

  GABA-A receptor role on cocaine self-administration in mice
  Dixon, C.I., Halbout B., King S.L., Stephens D.N. - 2014

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2014: 34, 3457-3466

Prefrontal cortical GABAergic dysfunction contributes to age-related working memory impairment

Authors: Banuelos, C., Beas B.S., McQuail J.A., Gilbert R.J., Frazier C.J., Setlow B., Bizon J.L.

  Systemic or intra-prefrontal GABA-B antagonist on operant conditioning in adult and old rats
  Banuelos, C., Beas B.S., McQuail J.A., Gilbert R.J., Frazier C.J., Setlow B., Bizon J.L. - 2014

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   AGE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2014: 231, 27-36

Effect of baclofen on morphine-induced conditioned place preference, extinction, and stress-induced reinstatement in chronically stressed mice

Authors: Meng, S., Quan W., Su Z., Yang S.

  Systemic GABA agonist on conditioned place preference by morphine extinction and reinstatement in stressed mice
  Meng, S., Quan W., Su Z., Yang S. - 2014

  CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   EXTINCTION   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   OPIOIDS   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   STRESS