2017

Contained in: Neuroscience, 2017: 343, 140-146

Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on perceptual decision making

Authors: Zaehle, T., Wagenbreth C., Heinze H.-J., Galazky I.

  Subthalamic nucleus deep stimulation on percetual decision making in Parkinson's disease patients
  Zaehle, T., Wagenbreth C., Heinze H.-J., Galazky I. - 2017

  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   STRIATUM
Contained in: Neuron, 2017: 93, 409-424

Motor learning requires Purkinje cell synaptic potentiation through activation of AMPA-receptor subunit GluA3

Authors: Gutierrez-Castellanos, N., Da Silva-Matos C.M., Zhou K., Canto C.B., Renner M.C., Koene L.M.C., Ozyildirim O., Sprengel R., Kessels H.W., De Zeeuw C.I.

  Cerebellar GluA3 receptor role in neuron excitability and motor learning in mice
  Gutierrez-Castellanos, N., Da Silva-Matos C.M., Zhou K., Canto C.B., Renner M.C., Koene L.M.C., Ozyildirim O., Sprengel R., Kessels H.W., De Zeeuw C.I. - 2017

  CEREBELLUM   GLUTAMATE   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   MOTOR LEARNING   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Physiol. Behav., 2017: 168, 112-121

Effect of low frequency electrical stimulation on seizure-induced short- and long-term impairments in learning and memory in rats

Authors: Esmaeilpour, K., Sheibani V., Shabani M., Mirnajafi-Zadeh J.

  Hippocampal low-frequency electrical stimulation on Morris water maze performance and object recognition in previously seizure-induced by hippocampal hindling stimulation rats
  Esmaeilpour, K., Sheibani V., Shabani M., Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 317, 360-366

Intracranial self-admiistration also facilitates Learning in a visual discrimination task in the Morris water maze in rats

Authors: Garcia-Brito, S., Morgado-Bernal I., Biosca-Simon N., Segura-Torres P.

  Post-training operant medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation on Morris water maze visual discrimination performance in rats
  Garcia-Brito, S., Morgado-Bernal I., Biosca-Simon N., Segura-Torres P. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   OPERANT CONDITIONING   LUMINANCE AND VISION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Brain Res., 2017: 1654, 116-122

Role of α4-containing GABAA receptors in limiting synaptic plasticity and spatial Learning of female mice during the pubertal period

Authors: Shen, H., Sabaliauskas N., Yang L., Aoki C., Smith S.S.

  α4/5 GABA receptor role in hippocampal neuron excitability on spatial learning in pubertal female mice
  Shen, H., Sabaliauskas N., Yang L., Aoki C., Smith S.S. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2017: 114, E619-E628

Wnt5a is essential for hippocampal dendritic maintenance and spatial learning and memory in adult mice

Authors: Chen, C.-M., Orefici L.L., Chiu S.-L., LeGates T.A., Hattar S., Huganir R.L., Zhao H., Xu B., Kuruvilla R.

  Wnt5a gene on hippocampal neuron excitability and plasticity and spatial learning in mice of different age
  Chen, C.-M., Orefici L.L., Chiu S.-L., LeGates T.A., Hattar S., Huganir R.L., Zhao H., Xu B., Kuruvilla R. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AGE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   PROTEIN KINASES   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2017: 234, 681-694

Molecular mechanisms of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated LTP and LTD in basolateral amygdala in vitro

Authors: Chen, A., Hu W.W., Jiang X.L., Potegal M., Li H.

  mGluR I agonist on basolateral amygdala neuron excitability in rats: NMDA, protein kinase C and phospolipase C modulation
  Chen, A., Hu W.W., Jiang X.L., Potegal M., Li H. - 2017

  AMYGDALA   GLUTAMATE   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   PROTEIN KINASES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Nature, 2017: 542, 96-100

A competitive inhibitory circuit for selection of active and passive fear responses

Authors: Fadok, J.P., Krabbe S., Markovic M., Courtin J., Xu C., Massi L., Botta P., Bylund K., Muller C., Kovacevic A., Tovote P., Luthi A.

  Amygdalar corticotropin-releasing factor and somatostatin-positive neuron role in active and passive conditioned fear-induced defensive behavior of mice
  Fadok, J.P., Krabbe S., Markovic M., Courtin J., Xu C., Massi L., Botta P., Bylund K., Muller C., Kovacevic A., Tovote P., Luthi A. - 2017

  AMYGDALA   AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   EXTINCTION   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Trends Cogn. Sci., 2017: 21, 137-149

Brainh oscillations and the importance of waveform shape

Authors: Cole, S.R., Voytek B.

  Sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal brain oscillations - Review
  Cole, S.R., Voytek B. - 2017

  MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO BEHAVIOR   CEREBRAL CORTEX   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Exp. Brain Res., 2017: 235, 421-428

Cerebellar tDCS does not improve performance in probabilistic classification learning

Authors: Majidi, N.S., Verhage M.C., Donchin O., Holland P., Frens M.A., van der Geest J.N.

  Cerebellar or prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on probabilistic classification learning in humans
  Majidi, N.S., Verhage M.C., Donchin O., Holland P., Frens M.A., van der Geest J.N. - 2017

  LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   CEREBELLUM   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2017: 114, 1177-1182

Transmembrane protein 108 is required for glutamatergic transmission in dentate gyrus

Authors: Jiao, H.-F., Sun X.-D., Bates R., Xiong L., Zhang L., Liu F., Li L., Zhang H.-S., Wang S.-Q., Xiong M.-T., Patel M., Stranahan A.M., Xiong W.-C., Li B.-M., Mei L.

  Transmembrane protein 108 on hippocampal neuron glutamatergic transmission, exploratory activity, spatial learning and fear conditioning in mice
  Jiao, H.-F., Sun X.-D., Bates R., Xiong L., Zhang L., Liu F., Li L., Zhang H.-S., Wang S.-Q., Xiong M.-T., Patel M., Stranahan A.M., Xiong W.-C., Li B.-M., Mei L. - 2017

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   GLUTAMATE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Nature, 2017: 542, 232-236

Gamma oscillations organize top-down signalling to hypothalamus and enable food seeking

Authors: Carus-Cadavieco, M., Gorbati M., Ye L., Bender F., van der Veldt S., Kosse C., Borgers C., Lee S.Y., Ramakrishnan C., Hu Y., Denisova N., Ramm F., Volitaki E., Burdakov D., Deisseroth K., Ponomarenko A., Korotkova T.

  Prefrontal, hypothalamic and septal gamma oscillations on spontaneous and conditioned feeding-related behaviors in mice
  Carus-Cadavieco, M., Gorbati M., Ye L., Bender F., van der Veldt S., Kosse C., Borgers C., Lee S.Y., Ramakrishnan C., Hu Y., Denisova N., Ramm F., Volitaki E., Burdakov D., Deisseroth K., Ponomarenko A., Korotkova T. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEEDING AND DRINKING   HYPOTHALAMUS   SEPTUM   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 317, 340-349

The role of neuropeptide CART in the lateral hypothalamic-ventral tegmental area (LH-VTA) circuit in motivation

Authors: Somalwar, A.R., Shelkar G.P., Subhedar N.K., Kokare D.M.

  Intracerebroventricular or intra-ventral tegmental area neuropeptide CART on lateral hypothalamus-medial forebrain bundle ioerant self-stimulation in rats: intra-nucleus accumbens D1 antagonist on intra-ventral tegmental area CART operant self-administration study
  Somalwar, A.R., Shelkar G.P., Subhedar N.K., Kokare D.M. - 2017

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   HYPOTHALAMUS   NEUROPEPTIDES   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Brain Res., 2017: 1655, 1-9

Increased contextual cue utilization with tDCS over the prefrontal cortex during a recognition task

Authors: Pergolizzi, D., Chua E.F.

  Prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation on operant recognition task in humans
  Pergolizzi, D., Chua E.F. - 2017

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2017: 152, 52-60

Sex differences in abuse-related neurochemical and behavioral effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats

Authors: Lazenka, M.F., Suyama J.A., Bauer C.T., Banks M.L., Negus S.S.

  MDMA on accumbal dopamine/serotonin levels and medial forebrain bundle operant self-stimulation in male and female rats
  Lazenka, M.F., Suyama J.A., Bauer C.T., Banks M.L., Negus S.S. - 2017

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   GENDER   DOPAMINE   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   SEROTONIN   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 113, 100-109

Oleanolic acid ameliorates cognitive dysfunction caused by cholinergic blockade via TrkB-dependent BDNF signaling

Authors: Jeon, S.J., Lee H.J., Lee H.E., Park S.J., Gwon Y., Kim H., Zhang J., Shin C.Y., Kim D.H., Ryu J.H.

  Oleanolic acid triterpenoid on scopoalmine-induced hippocampal neuron excitability, spatial learning, passive avoidance and object recognition impairment via brain-derived neurotrophic factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/CREB signaling in mice
  Jeon, S.J., Lee H.J., Lee H.E., Park S.J., Gwon Y., Kim H., Zhang J., Shin C.Y., Kim D.H., Ryu J.H. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   AVOIDANCE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS   PROTEIN KINASES   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 114, 1-11

The atypical antipsychotic olanzapine disturbs depotentiatioan by modulating mAChRs and impairs reversal learning

Authors: Song, W.S., Cha J.H., Yoon S.H., Cho Y.S., Park K.-Y., Kim M.-H.

  Olanzapine hippocampal neuron excitability and Morris water maze performance in mice: muscarinic/NMDA/extracellular signal-regulated kinase modulation
  Song, W.S., Cha J.H., Yoon S.H., Cho Y.S., Park K.-Y., Kim M.-H. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   DOPAMINE   GLUTAMATE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Brain Res., 2017: 1657, 74-86

Noradrenergic modulation of evoked dopamine release and pH shift in the mouse dorsal hippocampus and ventral striatum

Authors: Weitemier, A.Z., McHugh T.J.

  Ventral tegmental area stimulation on hippocampal/ventral striatal monoamine levels in norepinephrine-depleted and control mice
  Weitemier, A.Z., McHugh T.J. - 2017

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   DOPAMINE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   STRIATUM
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 113, 231-240

Fear conditioning selectively disrupts noradrenergic facilitation of GABAergic inhibition in the basolateral amygdala

Authors: Skelly, M.J., Ariwodola O.J., Weiner J.L.

  Fear conditioning on startle respopnse and basolateral amygdala neuron excitability in rats: adrenergic α1 and β1/2/3 modulation on GABAergic synapses
  Skelly, M.J., Ariwodola O.J., Weiner J.L. - 2017

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   AMYGDALA   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   STARTLE REFLEX   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 113, 1-9

Pharmacogenetic reactivation of the original engram evokes an extinguished fear memory

Authors: Yoshii, T., Hosokawa H., Matsuo N.

  Fear trace reactivation after extinction in mice: a pharmacogenetic neuronal activation study
  Yoshii, T., Hosokawa H., Matsuo N. - 2017

  AMYGDALA   CEREBRAL CORTEX   EXTINCTION   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 113, 511-518

Dissociation in the effects of stress and D1 receptors activation on basolateral amygdalar LTP in juvenile and adult animals

Authors: Schayek, R., Maroun M.

  Stress on amygdala neuron excitability and related NMDA, D1 modulation in juvenile and adult rats
  Schayek, R., Maroun M. - 2017

  AMYGDALA   CEREBRAL CORTEX   AGE   DOPAMINE   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   STRESS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 114, 123-134

Sex differences in responses of the basolateral-central amygdala circuit to alcohol, corticosterone and their interaction

Authors: Logrip, M.L., Oleata C., Roberto M.

  Ethanol, corticosterone and glutamate on cemtral amygdala neuron excitability in male and female rats
  Logrip, M.L., Oleata C., Roberto M. - 2017

  AMYGDALA   GENDER   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   GLUTAMATE   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Biol. Psychol., 2017: 123, 111-118

Anodal tDCS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates cognitive processing of emotional information as a function of trait rumination in healthy colunteers

Authors: Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Sanchez A., Josephy H., Baeken C., Brunoni A.R., De Raedt R.

  Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex direct current stimulation on cognitive control for emotional information in humans
  Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Sanchez A., Josephy H., Baeken C., Brunoni A.R., De Raedt R. - 2017

  LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 319, 181-187

Enhanced cued fear memory following post-training Whole body irradiation of 3-month-old mice

Authors: Olsen, R.H.J., Weber S.J., Akinyeke T., Raber J.

  X-ray irradiation on locomotion, exploratorion, response to footshock, fear conditioning acquisition and extinction in mice
  Olsen, R.H.J., Weber S.J., Akinyeke T., Raber J. - 2017

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   EXTINCTION   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2017: 344, 371-379

Tunicamycin impairs olfactory learning and synaptic plasticity in the olfactory bulb

Authors: Tong, J., Okutani F., Murata Y., Taniguchi M., Namba T., Wang Y.-J., Kaba H.

  Intra-olfactory bulb tunicamycin toxin on neuron excitability and aversive olfactory learning in rats
  Tong, J., Okutani F., Murata Y., Taniguchi M., Namba T., Wang Y.-J., Kaba H. - 2017

  AVOIDANCE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   GLYCOPROTEINS   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   SMELL   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Nat. Neurosci., 2017: 20, 260-270

Prefrontal cortical control of a brainstem social behavior circuit

Authors: Franklin, T.B., Silva B.A., Perova Z., Marrone L., Masferrer M.E., Zhan Y., Kaplan A., Greetham L., Verrechia V., Halman A., Pagella S., Vyssotski A.L., Illarionova A., Grinevich V., Branco T., Gross C.T.

  Medial prefrontal cortex to dorsal periaquductal gray projection on social behavior in mice: social defeat on subcessive neuron excitability and social interaction study
  Franklin, T.B., Silva B.A., Perova Z., Marrone L., Masferrer M.E., Zhan Y., Kaplan A., Greetham L., Verrechia V., Halman A., Pagella S., Vyssotski A.L., Illarionova A., Grinevich V., Branco T., Gross C.T. - 2017

  AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   CEREBRAL CORTEX   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 319, 25-30

Stressful learning paradigm precludes manifestation of cognitive ability in sphingomyelin synthase-2 knockout mice

Authors: Wang, M., Uchiumi O., Ogiso H., Shui Y., Zou J., Hashizume C., Taniguchi M., Okazaki T., Kato N.

  Sphingomyelin synthase-2 on hippocampal neuron excitability, fear conditioning and Morris water maze performance in mice
  Wang, M., Uchiumi O., Ogiso H., Shui Y., Zou J., Hashizume C., Taniguchi M., Okazaki T., Kato N. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 114, 12-19

Enhenced LTP in aged rats: detrimental or compensatory?

Authors: Pinho, J., Vale R., Batalha V.L., Costenla A.R., Dias R., Rombo D., Sebastiao A.M., de Mendonca A., Diogenes M.J.

  Hippocampal neuron excitability and Morris water maze performance in rats of different age: chronic memantine exposure effects
  Pinho, J., Vale R., Batalha V.L., Costenla A.R., Dias R., Rombo D., Sebastiao A.M., de Mendonca A., Diogenes M.J. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AGE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2017: 344, 39-47

Resveratrol ameliorates spatial learning memory impairment induced by Aβ1-42 in rats

Authors: Wang, R., Zheng Y., Li J., Zhang C.

  Resveratrol on intra-hippocampal amyloid β1-42-induced hippocampal neuron excitability and Morris water maze performance impairment in rats: CREB phosphorylation study
  Wang, R., Zheng Y., Li J., Zhang C. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NOOTROPICS   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: J. Physiol. (London), 2017: 595, 739-757

Physiological roles of Kv2 channels in entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells revealed by guangxitoxin-1E

Authors: Honigsperger, C., Nigro M.J., Storm J.F.

  Kv2 channel role in entorhinal cortex cell excitability in rats
  Honigsperger, C., Nigro M.J., Storm J.F. - 2017

  ENTORHINAL CORTEX   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION