2018

Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 341, 63-70

The lateral habenula interacts with the hypothalamo-pituitary adrena axis response upon stressful cognitive demand in rats

Authors: Mathis, Y., Cosquer B., Berbelivien A., Herbeaux K., Bothorel B., Sage-Ciocca D., Poirel V.-J., Mathis C., Lecourtier L.

  Intra-lateral habenula AMPA antagonists on exploratory activity, Morris water maze performance and related plasma corticosterone levels in rats
  Mathis, Y., Cosquer B., Berbelivien A., Herbeaux K., Bothorel B., Sage-Ciocca D., Poirel V.-J., Mathis C., Lecourtier L. - 2018

  GLUCOCORTICOIDS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   GLUTAMATE
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 341, 45-49

Recombiunant growth differentiation factor 11 influences short-term memory and enhances Sox2 expression in middle-aged mice

Authors: Zhang, M., Jadavji N.M., Yoo H.-S., Smith P.D.

  Grow differentiation factor-11 role in prefrontal and hippocampal neuron Sox-2 and Smad2/3 expression, object recognition and spatial learning in young and middle-aged mice
  Zhang, M., Jadavji N.M., Yoo H.-S., Smith P.D. - 2018

  PROTEINS AND GENES   AGE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM
Contained in: Nat. Neurosci., 2018: 21, 364-372

Medial preoptic circuit induces hunting-like actions to target objects and prey

Authors: Park, S.-G., Jeong Y.-C., Kim D.-G., Lee M.-H., Shin A., Park G., Ryoo J., Hong J., Bae S., Kim C.-H., Lee P.-S., Kim D.

  Medial preoptic area neuron activity related to exploratory activity, aggressive, sexual and feeding behavior and spatial navigation in mice: optogenetic study
  Park, S.-G., Jeong Y.-C., Kim D.-G., Lee M.-H., Shin A., Park G., Ryoo J., Hong J., Bae S., Kim C.-H., Lee P.-S., Kim D. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   PROTEIN KINASES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   PROTEINS AND GENES   FEEDING AND DRINKING   SEXUAL BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2018: 149, 10-19

GPR30 activation improves memory and facilitates DHPG-induced LTD in the hippocampal CA3 of middle-aged mice

Authors: Xu, W., Cao J., Zhou Y., Wang L., Zhu G.

  G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 agonists or antagonists exposure on hippocampal neuron excitability, glutamate and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, fear conditioning and Morris water maze performance in 2- and 12.month-old mice
  Xu, W., Cao J., Zhou Y., Wang L., Zhu G. - 2018

  GONADAL HORMONES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   GLUTAMATE   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   AGE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2018: 149, 28-38

Running exercise mitigates the negative consequences of chronic stress on dorsal hippocampal long-term potentiation in male mice

Authors: Miller, R.M., Marriott D., Trotter J., Hammond T., Lyman D., Call T., Walker B., Christensen N., Haynie D., Badura Z., Homan M., Edwards J.G.

  Running exercise and stress on plasma corticosterone levels, hippocampal neuron excitability, glucocorticoid, NMDA, AMPA, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, PSD95 expression and spatial learning in mice
  Miller, R.M., Marriott D., Trotter J., Hammond T., Lyman D., Call T., Walker B., Christensen N., Haynie D., Badura Z., Homan M., Edwards J.G. - 2018

  ACETYLCHOLINE   STRESS   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   GLUTAMATE   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2018: 149, 46-57

A rapidly acquired foraging-based working memory task, sensitive to hippocampal lesions, reveals age-dependent and age-independent behavioural changes in a mouse model of amyloid pathology

Authors: Evans, C., Hvoslef-Eide M., Thomas R., Kidd E., Good M.A.

  Hippocampal lesions on appetitive spatial navigation tasl in PDAPP(amyloid precursor protein) and control mice of different ages
  Evans, C., Hvoslef-Eide M., Thomas R., Kidd E., Good M.A. - 2018

  AGE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2018: 149, 118-134

Topographical memory analyzed in mice using the Hamlet test, a novel complex maze

Authors: Crouzier, L., Gilabert D., Rossel M., Trousse F., Maurice T.

  Spatial learning and related brain fos-B expression, hippocampal neurogenesis in male and female mice of different strain: systemic scopolamine and intracerebroventricular amyloid β25-35 peptide effects
  Crouzier, L., Gilabert D., Rossel M., Trousse F., Maurice T. - 2018

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES   GENDER   STRAIN   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRIATUM   PERIRHINAL CORTEX   ENTORHINAL CORTEX   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 129, 57-68

Long-term cilostazol administration prevents age-related decline of hippocampus-dependent memory in mice

Authors: Yanai, S., Ito H., Endo S.

  Phopshodiseterase 3 inhibitor cilostazol exposure on nociception, feeding, drinking, locomotion, exploration, object recognition, fear conditioning and Morris water maze performance in aging mice of different age
  Yanai, S., Ito H., Endo S. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   NOCICEPTION   FEEDING AND DRINKING   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 130, 77-91

Protopanaxadiol derivative DDPU improves beavior and cognitive deficit in AD mice involving regulation of both ER stress and autophagy

Authors: Guo, X., Lv J., Lu J., Fan L., Huang X., Hu L., Wang J., Shen X.

  Protopanaxadiol derivative DDPU on cortical neurodegeneration, nesting behavior and Morris water maze performance in APP/PS1 mice
  Guo, X., Lv J., Lu J., Fan L., Huang X., Hu L., Wang J., Shen X. - 2018

  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   PROTEIN KINASES   NOOTROPICS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Brain Res., 2018: 1687, 41-49

Distinct regions of the hippocampus are associated with memory for different spatial locations

Authors: Jeye, B.M., MacEvoy S.P., Karanian J.M., Slotnick S.D.

  Hippocampal activity related to visuo-spatial stimulation in humans
  Jeye, B.M., MacEvoy S.P., Karanian J.M., Slotnick S.D. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   BRAIN IMAGING   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   LUMINANCE AND VISION   OPERANT CONDITIONING
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 342, 19-26

Cognitive decline and increased hippocampal p-tau expression in mice with hearing loss

Authors: Park, S.Y., Kim M.J., Kim H.L., Kim D.K., Yeo S.W., Park S.N.

  Hearing loss on hippocampal p-tau and lipofuscin levels, spatial learning and object recognition in mice
  Park, S.Y., Kim M.J., Kim H.L., Kim D.K., Yeo S.W., Park S.N. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 342, 35-42

Role of silent information regulator 1 in the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on homocysteine-induced cognitive dysfunction: involving reduction of hippocampal ER stress

Authors: Tang, Y.-Y., Wang A.-P., Wei H.-J., Li M.-H., Zou W., Li X., Wang C.-Y., Zhang P., Tang X.-Q.

  Silent information regulator 1 role in homocysteine-induced hippocampal hydrogen sulfide-dependent neuronal stress, spatial learning and object recognition in rats
  Tang, Y.-Y., Wang A.-P., Wei H.-J., Li M.-H., Zou W., Li X., Wang C.-Y., Zhang P., Tang X.-Q. - 2018

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 342, 79-88

Reversible inactivation of interpeduncular nucleus impairs memory consolidation and retrieval but not learning in rats: a behavioral and molecular study

Authors: Khatami, L., Khodagholi F., Motamedi F.

  Interpeduncular nucelus inactivation on hippocampal CREB, c-fos p70 kinase expression, passive avoidance and Morris water maze acquisition, consolidation and retrieval in rats
  Khatami, L., Khodagholi F., Motamedi F. - 2018

  NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   CONSOLIDATION   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   AVOIDANCE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   PROTEINS AND GENES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   PROTEIN KINASES   DARK/LIGHT CONTEXT
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 343, 50-60

Strategic neuronal encoding in medial prefrontal cortex of spatial working memory in the T-maze

Authors: Yang, Y., Mailman R.B.

  Medial prefrontal neuron firing related to spatial working memory performing in rats
  Yang, Y., Mailman R.B. - 2018

  CEREBRAL CORTEX   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 343, 83-94

A daily single dose of a novel modafinil analogue CE-123 improves memory acquisition and memory retrieval

Authors: Kristofova, M., Aher Y.D., Ilic M., Radoman B., Kalaba P., Dragacevic V., Aher N.Y., Leban J., Korz V., Zanon L., Neuhaus W., Wieder M., Langer T., Urban E., Sitte H.H., Hoeger H., Lubec G., Aradska J.

  Systemic modafinil analogue CE-123 on hippocampal dopaminergic receptor expression levels and spatial hole-board acquisition and retrieval performance in rats
  Kristofova, M., Aher Y.D., Ilic M., Radoman B., Kalaba P., Dragacevic V., Aher N.Y., Leban J., Korz V., Zanon L., Neuhaus W., Wieder M., Langer T., Urban E., Sitte H.H., Hoeger H., Lubec G., Aradska J. - 2018

  RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   NOOTROPICS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   DOPAMINE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM
Contained in: J. Neurosci. Methods, 2018: 300, 184-195

Automated gesture tracking in head-fixed mice

Authors: Giovannucci, A., Pnevmatikakis E.A., Deverett B., Pereira T., Fondriest J., Brady M.J., Wang S.S.-H., Abbas W., Pares P., Masip D.

  Locomotory/orienting behavior automated measuring in head-fixed mice - Methods
  Giovannucci, A., Pnevmatikakis E.A., Deverett B., Pereira T., Fondriest J., Brady M.J., Wang S.S.-H., Abbas W., Pares P., Masip D. - 2018

  MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO BEHAVIOR   METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: J. Neurosci. Methods, 2018: 300, 206-215

Microdialysis and its use iun behavioural studies: focus on acetylcholine

Authors: Konig, M., Thinnes A., Klein J.

  Acetylcholine realese microdialysis in behaviora studies - Methods - Review
  Konig, M., Thinnes A., Klein J. - 2018

  ACETYLCHOLINE   METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   STRESS   HABITUATION AND SENSITIZATION   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   STRIATUM   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM
Contained in: Exp. Brain Res., 2018: 236, 945-953

Decoding auditory spatial and emotional information encoding using multivariate versus univariate techniques

Authors: Kryklywy, J.H., Macpherson E.A., Mitchell D.G.V.

  Cortical activity related to auditory spatial emotional cue localization in humans
  Kryklywy, J.H., Macpherson E.A., Mitchell D.G.V. - 2018

  BRAIN IMAGING   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Exp. Brain Res., 2018: 236, 1077-1089

Route previewing results in altered gaze behaviour, increased self-confidence and improved stepping safety in both young and older adults during adaptive locomotion

Authors: Curzon-Jones, B.T., Hollands M.A.

  Gaze behavior on locomotory orientation and navigation in young and older adult humans
  Curzon-Jones, B.T., Hollands M.A. - 2018

  AGE   MOTOR LEARNING   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   LUMINANCE AND VISION
Contained in: Hippocampus, 2018: 28, 269-280

The medial temporal lobe functional connectivity patterns associated with forming different mental representations

Authors: Sheldon, S., Levine B.

  Brain activity related to object location, recognition and imagery performance in humans
  Sheldon, S., Levine B. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   BRAIN IMAGING   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   CEREBELLUM   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Nat. Neurosci., 2018: 21, 484-493

CA1 pyramidal cell diversity enabling parallel information processing in the hippocampus

Authors: Soltesz, I., Losonczy A.

  Topographical hippocampal neuron heterogenity and differential behavioral function - Review
  Soltesz, I., Losonczy A. - 2018

  REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   SMELL   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Learn. Motiv., 2018: 61, 16-31

Homeward bound: the capacity of the food hoarding task to assess complex cognitive processes

Authors: Winter, S.S., Blankenship P.A., Mehlman M.L.

  Food hoarding and spatial navigation/decision making in rodents - Review
  Winter, S.S., Blankenship P.A., Mehlman M.L. - 2018

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   FEEDING AND DRINKING   AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   ENTORHINAL CORTEX   SEPTUM
Contained in: Learn. Motiv., 2018: 61, 3-15

Behavioral and neural subsystems of rodent exploration

Authors: Thompson, S.M., Berkowitz L.E., Clark B.J.

  Orientation and exploration in rodents - Review
  Thompson, S.M., Berkowitz L.E., Clark B.J. - 2018

  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   ENTORHINAL CORTEX   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Neuron, 2018: 97, 1369-1381

Activation of striatal neurons causes a perceptual decision bias during visual change detection in mice

Authors: Wang, L., Rangarajan K.V., Gerfen C.R., Krauzlis R.J.

  Lateralized dorsal striatal unilateral stimulation effects on visual orientation-change detection task performing in mice: optogenetic study
  Wang, L., Rangarajan K.V., Gerfen C.R., Krauzlis R.J. - 2018

  STRIATUM   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   LUMINANCE AND VISION   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   OPERANT CONDITIONING
Contained in: Neuron, 2018: 98, 75-89

Nav1.1-overexpressing interneuron transplants restore brain tìrhythms and cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Authors: Martinez-Losa, M., Tracy T.E., Ma K., Verret L., Clemente-Perez A., Khan A.S., Cobos I., Ho K., Gan L., Mucke L., Alvarez-Dolado M., Palop J.J.

  Interneuron Nav1.1 voltage-gated sodium channel role in brain gamma oscillatory activity, exploratory activity, fear conditioning and spatial learning in mice: Nav1.1-overexpressing interneuron transplant in Alzheimer's disease mouse model study
  Martinez-Losa, M., Tracy T.E., Ma K., Verret L., Clemente-Perez A., Khan A.S., Cobos I., Ho K., Gan L., Mucke L., Alvarez-Dolado M., Palop J.J. - 2018

  CEREBRAL CORTEX   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Hippocampus, 2018: 28, 297-311

Inactivation of nucleus reuniens impairs spatial working memory and behavioral flexibility in the rat

Authors: Viena, T.D., Linley S.B., Vertes R.P.

  Nucleus reuniens inactivation on spatial working memory performance in rats
  Viena, T.D., Linley S.B., Vertes R.P. - 2018

  UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 131, 143-153

Trageted inhibition of RAGE reduces amyloid-β influx across the blood-brain barrier and improves cognitive deficits in db/db mice

Authors: Wang, H., Chen F., Du Y.-F, ., Long Y., Reed M.N., Hu M., Suppiramaniam V., Hong H., Tang S.-S.

  RAGE receptor blocking agent FPS-ZM1 on amyloid-β influx, hippocampal Aβ1-40/42 levels, long-term potentiation, protein levels and spatial learning performance in T2DM diabete mellitus mice
  Wang, H., Chen F., Du Y.-F, ., Long Y., Reed M.N., Hu M., Suppiramaniam V., Hong H., Tang S.-S. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   PROTEINS AND GENES   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 131, 291-303

Reduced expression of Na+/Ca2+ excahngers is associated with cognitive deficits seen in Alzheimer's disease model mice

Authors: Moriguchi, S., Kita S., Fukaya M., Osnai M., Inagaki R., Sasaki Y., Izumi H., Horie K., Takeda J., Saito T., Sakagami H., Saido T.C., Iwamoto T., Fukunaga K.

  Brain NCX proteins (Na+/Ca++ exchangers) expression and hippocampal excitability, plasticity, calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase activity, object recognition, passive avoidance and spatial learning in Alzheimer's disease mouse model APP mice
  Moriguchi, S., Kita S., Fukaya M., Osnai M., Inagaki R., Sasaki Y., Izumi H., Horie K., Takeda J., Saito T., Sakagami H., Saido T.C., Iwamoto T., Fukunaga K. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRIATUM   PROTEINS AND GENES   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   PROTEIN KINASES   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AVOIDANCE
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 131, 424-430

Role of mGlu7 receptor in morphine rewarding effects is uncovered by a novel orthosteric agonist

Authors: Hajasova, Z., Canestrelli C., Acher F., Noble F., Marie N.

  mGlu7 receptor modulation on locomotor activity, sucrose preference, spatial recognition and morphine conditioned place preference reinstatement in mice
  Hajasova, Z., Canestrelli C., Acher F., Noble F., Marie N. - 2018

  OPIOIDS   EXTINCTION   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: NeuroReport, 2018: 29, 511-516

Topographical memory for newly-learned maps is differentially affected by route-based versus landmark-based learning: a functional MRI study

Authors: Beatty, E.L., Muller-Gass A., Wojtarowicz D., Jobidon M.-E., Smith I., Lam Q., Vartanian O.

  Cortical activity related to ladmark-basec learning and memory in humans: brain imaging study
  Beatty, E.L., Muller-Gass A., Wojtarowicz D., Jobidon M.-E., Smith I., Lam Q., Vartanian O. - 2018

  BRAIN IMAGING   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   LATERALITY AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERVENTIONS   CEREBRAL CORTEX