2016

Contained in: Physiol. Behav., 2016: 165, 28-34

Memory impairment due to fipronil pesticide exposure occurs at the GABAA receptor level, in rats

Authors: Godinho, A.F., de Oliveira Souza A.C., Carvalho C.C., Horta D.F., De Fraia D., Anselmo F., Chaguri J.L., Faria C.A.

  Fipronil pesticide and picrotoxin on locomotor activity, spatial learning and object recogntion in rats
  Godinho, A.F., de Oliveira Souza A.C., Carvalho C.C., Horta D.F., De Fraia D., Anselmo F., Chaguri J.L., Faria C.A. - 2016

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2016: 135, 146-151

In vivo two-photon imaging of striatal neuronal circuits in mice

Authors: Sato, M., Kawano M., Yanagawa Y., Hayashi Y.

  In vivo striatal neuronal circuit imaging by two-photon microscopy in mice - Methods
  Sato, M., Kawano M., Yanagawa Y., Hayashi Y. - 2016

  BRAIN IMAGING   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   STRIATUM   METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
Contained in: Brain Res., 2016: 1651, 53-60

Interactive effects of AM251 and baclofen on synaptic plasticity in the rat dentate gyrus

Authors: Nazari, M., Komaki A., Salehi I., Sarihi A., Shahidi S., Komaki H., Ganji A.

  CB1 and GABA receptor modulation on hippocampal neuron excitability in rats
  Nazari, M., Komaki A., Salehi I., Sarihi A., Shahidi S., Komaki H., Ganji A. - 2016

  CANNABINOIDS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuron, 2016: 92, 479-492

Presynaptic protein synthesis is required for long-term plasticity of GABA release

Authors: Younts, T.J., Monday H.R., Dudok B., Klein M.E., Jordan B.A., Katona I., Castillo P.E.

  Cannabinoid modulation of GABA release and protein synthesis related to hippocampal neuron excitability in rodents
  Younts, T.J., Monday H.R., Dudok B., Klein M.E., Jordan B.A., Katona I., Castillo P.E. - 2016

  CANNABINOIDS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2016: 298, 65-77

Neuroethological validation of an experimental apparatus to evaluate oriented and no-oriented escape behaviours: comparison between the polygonal arena with a burrow and the circular enclosure of an open-filed test

Authors: Biagioni, A.F., dos Anjos-Garcia T., Ullah F., Fisher I.R., Falconi-Sobrinho L.L., de Freitas R.L., Tocchini Felippotti T., Coimbra N.C.

  Intra-hypothalamic or periaqueductal gray bicuculline on escape behavior in different arena surrounding of rats - Methods
  Biagioni, A.F., dos Anjos-Garcia T., Ullah F., Fisher I.R., Falconi-Sobrinho L.L., de Freitas R.L., Tocchini Felippotti T., Coimbra N.C. - 2016

  AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HYPOTHALAMUS   METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2016: 141, 18-27

Modulatory action of taurine on ethanol-induced aggressive behavior in zebrafish

Authors: Fontana, B.D., Meinerz D.L., Rosa L.V.C., Mezzomo N.J., Silveira A., Giuliani G.S., Quadros V.A., Filho G.L.B., Blaser R.E., Rosemberg D.B.

  Taurine on ethanol-induced aggressive behavior in zebrafishes
  Fontana, B.D., Meinerz D.L., Rosa L.V.C., Mezzomo N.J., Silveira A., Giuliani G.S., Quadros V.A., Filho G.L.B., Blaser R.E., Rosemberg D.B. - 2016

  AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2016: 308, 6-13

Baclofen ameliorates spatial working memory impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion via up-regulation of HCN2 expression in the PFC in rats

Authors: Luo, P., Chen C., Lu Y., Fu T., Lu Q., Xu X., Li C., He Z., Guo L.

  Baclofen on prefrontal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and spatial working memory impairment by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats: role of prefrontal HCN2 channel
  Luo, P., Chen C., Lu Y., Fu T., Lu Q., Xu X., Li C., He Z., Guo L. - 2016

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2016: 124, 190-197

GABAB receptors in the hippocampal dentate gyrus are involved in spatial learning and memory impairment in a rat model of vascular dementia

Authors: Li, G., Lv J., Wang J., Wan P., Li Y., Jiang H., Jin Q.

  Intra-hippocampal GABA-B antagonist on bilateral carotid occlusion effects on Morris water maze performance and hippocampal GABA levels in rats: hippocampal glutamate and glycine level modulation
  Li, G., Lv J., Wang J., Wan P., Li Y., Jiang H., Jin Q. - 2016

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2016: 311, 131-140

Effects of HIV/TAT protein expression and chronic selegiline treatment on spatial memory, reversal learning and neurotransmitter levels in mice

Authors: Kesby, J.P., Markou A., Semenova S., TMARC Group

  Monoamino oxidase inhibitor selegiline on TAT protein effects on spatial learning, caudate, hippocampus, cortex glutamate/GABA/serotonin/dopamine levels in mice
  Kesby, J.P., Markou A., Semenova S., TMARC Group - 2016

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SEROTONIN   PROTEINS AND GENES   STRIATUM
Contained in: Neuron, 2016: 91, 1390-1401

Divisions of identified paravalbumin-expressing basket cells during working memory-guided decision making

Authors: Lagler, M., Ozdemir A.T., Lagoun S., Malagon-Vina H., Borhegyi Z., Hauer R., Jelem A., Klausberger T.

  Prelimbic neuron firing related to appetitive spatial learning in rats: presynaptic vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing GABAergic input role
  Lagler, M., Ozdemir A.T., Lagoun S., Malagon-Vina H., Borhegyi Z., Hauer R., Jelem A., Klausberger T. - 2016

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   VIP, PACAP, EPAC
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2016: 339, 287-295

Additive effecr of harmane and muscimol for memory consolidation impairment in inhibitory avoidance task

Authors: Nasehi, M., Morteza-Zadeh P., Khakpai F., Zarrindast M.-R.

  Post-training intra-hippocampal GABA-A agonist or antagonist and systemic harmane on passive avoidance consolidation in mice
  Nasehi, M., Morteza-Zadeh P., Khakpai F., Zarrindast M.-R. - 2016

  NEURAL REVERSIBLE INACTIVATIONS   AVOIDANCE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   CONSOLIDATION
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2016: 339, 319-328

Chronic 5-HT3 receptor antagonism ameliorates seizures and associated memory deficit in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice

Authors: Mishra, A., Goel R.K.

  5-HT3 antagonist on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, related hippocampal, cortical glutamate/GABA/nitrate/acetylcholinesterase levels and exploratory activity and passive avoidance impairment in mice
  Mishra, A., Goel R.K. - 2016

  ACETYLCHOLINE   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   AVOIDANCE   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NITRIC AND NITROUS OXIDE   SEROTONIN
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2016: 150-151, 14-21

Muscarinic, nicotinic and GABAergic receptor signaling differentially mediate fat-conditioned flavor preferences in rats

Authors: Rotella, F.M., Olsson K., Martinez N., Mordo A., Kohen I., Aminov A., Pagirsky J., Yu A., Vig V., Bodnar R.J.

  Cholinergic and GABAergic modulation on fat-conditioned flavor preference in rats
  Rotella, F.M., Olsson K., Martinez N., Mordo A., Kohen I., Aminov A., Pagirsky J., Yu A., Vig V., Bodnar R.J. - 2016

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   FEEDING AND DRINKING   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   TASTE
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2016: 136, 1-12

A novel form of capsaicin-modified amygdala LTD mediated by TRPM1

Authors: Gebhardt, C., von Bohlen und Halbach O., Hadler M.D., Harteneck C., Albrecht D.

  Capsaicin on amygdalar neuron excitability in mice: transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 role
  Gebhardt, C., von Bohlen und Halbach O., Hadler M.D., Harteneck C., Albrecht D. - 2016

  AMYGDALA   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuron, 2016: 92, 1352-1367

Fear erasure facilitated by immature inhibitory neuron transplantation

Authors: Yang, W.-Z., Liu T.T., Cao J.-W., Chen X.-F., Liu X., Wang M., Su X., Zhang S.-Q., Qiu B.-L., Hu W.-X., Liu L.-Y., Ma L., Yu Y.-C.

  Immature inhibitory GABAergic interneuron transplantation in amygdala on neuron excitability, plasticity, fear conditioning acquisition, extinction and renewal in mice
  Yang, W.-Z., Liu T.T., Cao J.-W., Chen X.-F., Liu X., Wang M., Su X., Zhang S.-Q., Qiu B.-L., Hu W.-X., Liu L.-Y., Ma L., Yu Y.-C. - 2016

  AMYGDALA   EXTINCTION   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2016: 36, 3322-3335

Anxiety evokes hypofrontality and disrupts rule-relevant encoding by dorsomedial prefrontal cortex neurons

Authors: Park, J., Wood J., Bondi C., Del Arco A., Moghaddam B.

  GABA-A inverse agonist FG712 on locomotion/exploration and dorsomedial prefrontal neuron firing related to set.shifting operant responding in rats
  Park, J., Wood J., Bondi C., Del Arco A., Moghaddam B. - 2016

  EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   SCHEDULE INDUCED CONDITIONING AND BEHAVIOR
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2016: 126, 47-60

The behavioural profile of gamma-hydroxybutirate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol in humans

Authors: Bosch, O.G., Seifritz E.

  Gamma-hydroxybutyrate on human behavior - Review
  Bosch, O.G., Seifritz E. - 2016

  SEXUAL BEHAVIOR   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   FEEDING AND DRINKING   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   SLEEP
Contained in: Nat. Neurosci., 2016: 19, 926-934

SHANK3 controls maturation of social reward circuits in the VTA

Authors: Bariselli, S., Tzanoulinou S., Glangetas C., Prevost-Soliè C., Pucci L., Viguiè J., Bezzi P., O'Connor E.C., Georges F., Luscher C., Bellone C.

  Ventral tegmental area SHANK3 protein and mGluR1 role in social behavior and ventral tegmental area dopaminergic and GABAergic neuron excitability in mice
  Bariselli, S., Tzanoulinou S., Glangetas C., Prevost-Soliè C., Pucci L., Viguiè J., Bezzi P., O'Connor E.C., Georges F., Luscher C., Bellone C. - 2016

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   PROTEINS AND GENES   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Contained in: Neuron, 2016: 90, 1286-1298

Inhibitory input from the lateral hypothalamus to the ventral tegmental area disinhibits dopamine neurons and promotes behavioral activation

Authors: Nieh, E.H., Weele C.M.V., Matthews G.A., Presbrey K.N., Wichmann R., Leppla C.A., Izadmehr E.M., Tye K.M.

  Glutamatergic and GABAergic lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area projections on feeding behavior, object recognition, social interaction and dopaminergic accumbal release in mice
  Nieh, E.H., Weele C.M.V., Matthews G.A., Presbrey K.N., Wichmann R., Leppla C.A., Izadmehr E.M., Tye K.M. - 2016

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   HYPOTHALAMUS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Trends Neurosci., 2016: 39, 587-596

Social preference and glutamatergic dysfunction: underappreciated prerequisities for social dysfunction in schizophrenia

Authors: Lee, J., Green M.F.

  NMDA receptor functioning and social behavior - Review
  Lee, J., Green M.F. - 2016

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2016: 233, 3089-3102

Different effects of isolation-rearing and neonatal MK-801 treatment on attentional modulations of prepulse inhibition of startle in rats

Authors: Wu, Z.-M., Ding Y., Jia H.-X., Li L.

  Neonatal MK-801 exposure and isolation rearing on fear-induced prepulse inhibition of startle reflex expression and extinction in adult rats: clorzapine administration effects
  Wu, Z.-M., Ding Y., Jia H.-X., Li L. - 2016

  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   EXTINCTION   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED INHIBITION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   STARTLE REFLEX
Contained in: J. Neurosci., 2016: 36, 4549-4563

Wiring specificty and synaptic diversity in the mouse lateral central amygdala

Authors: Hou, W.-H., Kuo N., Fang G.-W., Huang H.-S., Wu K.-P., Zimmer A., Cheng J.-K., Lien C.-C.

  Amygdala neuron excitability and plasticity in mice: GABA and somatostatin modulation
  Hou, W.-H., Kuo N., Fang G.-W., Huang H.-S., Wu K.-P., Zimmer A., Cheng J.-K., Lien C.-C. - 2016

  AMYGDALA   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NEUROPEPTIDES   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Nature, 2016: 539, 289-293

A basal ganglia circuit for evaluating action outcomes

Authors: Stephenson-Jones, M., Yu K., Ahrens S., Tucciarone J.M., van Huijstee A.N., Majia L.A., Penzo M.A., Tai L.-H., Wilbrecht L., Li B.

  Habenula-projecting globus pallidus neuron firing related to operant-spatial behavior in mice: glutamate and GABA modulation
  Stephenson-Jones, M., Yu K., Ahrens S., Tucciarone J.M., van Huijstee A.N., Majia L.A., Penzo M.A., Tai L.-H., Wilbrecht L., Li B. - 2016

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   OPERANT CONDITIONING   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUTAMATE   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   STRIATUM
Contained in: Neuron, 2016: 89, 308-316

Arkypallidal cells send a stop signal to striatum

Authors: Mallet, N., Schmidt R., Leventhal D., Chen F., Amer N., Boraud T., Berke J.D.

  Arkypallidal neuron role in inhibition of striatal go-related activity in rats
  Mallet, N., Schmidt R., Leventhal D., Chen F., Amer N., Boraud T., Berke J.D. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   SLEEP   STRIATUM   SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2016:101, 279-290

Perturbations in reward-related decision-making induced by reduced prefrontal cortical GABA transmission: relevance for psychiatric disorders

Authors: Piantadosi, P.T., Khayambashi S., Schluter M.G., Kutarna A., Floresco S.B.

  Intra-prefrontal cortex GABA-A antagonists on operant conditioning decision-making in rats
  Piantadosi, P.T., Khayambashi S., Schluter M.G., Kutarna A., Floresco S.B. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   SCHEDULE INDUCED CONDITIONING AND BEHAVIOR
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2016: 102, 197-206

Antagonism of GABA-B but not GABA-A receptors in the VTA prevents stress- and intra-VTA CRF-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in rats

Authors: Blacktop, J.M., Vranjkovic O., Mayer M., Van Hoof M., Baker D.A., Mantsch J.R.

  Intra-ventral tegmental area GABA-A and GABA-B antagonists on operant cocaine-self-administration extinction/reinstatement under different stressful condition in rats: intra-ventral tegmental area corticotropin-releasing factor effects
  Blacktop, J.M., Vranjkovic O., Mayer M., Van Hoof M., Baker D.A., Mantsch J.R. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   DOPAMINE   EXTINCTION   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   STRESS
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2016: 233, 2151-2163

A mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome shows prefrontal neurophysiological dysfucntions and attentional impairment

Authors: Nilsson, S.R.O., Celada P., Fejgin K., Thelin J., Nielsen J., Santana N., Heath C.J., Larsen P.H., Nielsen V., Kent B.A., Saksida L.M., Stensbol T.B., Robbins T.W., Bastlund J.F., Bussey T.J., Artigas F., Didriksen M.

  15q13.3 gene in prefrontal neuron firing, operant conditioning acquisition and extinction and object recognition in mice
  Nilsson, S.R.O., Celada P., Fejgin K., Thelin J., Nielsen J., Santana N., Heath C.J., Larsen P.H., Nielsen V., Kent B.A., Saksida L.M., Stensbol T.B., Robbins T.W., Bastlund J.F., Bussey T.J., Artigas F., Didriksen M. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2016: 314, 143-151

Anticonvulsant medications attenuate amphetamine-induced deficits in behavioral inhibition but not decision making under risk on a rat gambling task

Authors: Tremblay, M., Winstanley C.A.

  Anticonvulsants on amphetamine effects on operant responding in rats
  Tremblay, M., Winstanley C.A. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   SEROTONIN
Contained in: Neuron, 2016: 92, 493-504

Stress increases ethanol self-administration via a shift tpward excitatory GABA signaling in the ventral tegmental area

Authors: Ostroumov, A., Thomas A.M., Kimmey B.A., Karsch J.S., Doyon W.M., Dani J.A.

  Glucocorticoid receptor modulation on stress effects on ethanol operant self-administration and nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area dopaminergic and GABAergic responding in rats
  Ostroumov, A., Thomas A.M., Kimmey B.A., Karsch J.S., Doyon W.M., Dani J.A. - 2016

  OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   STRESS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2016: 107, 58-67

Ablation of μ opioid receptor-expressing GABA neurons in rostromedial tegmental nucleus increases ethanol consumption and regulates ethanol-related behaviors

Authors: Fu, R., Chen X., Zuo W., Li J., Kang S., Zhou L.-H., Siegel A., Bekker A., Ye J.-H.

  Rostromedial tegmental nucleus GABAergic neuron μ-opioid receptor role in ethanol conditioned place preference acquisition and extinction in rats
  Fu, R., Chen X., Zuo W., Li J., Kang S., Zhou L.-H., Siegel A., Bekker A., Ye J.-H. - 2016

  CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   EXTINCTION   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   OPIOIDS   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION