2019

Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 356, 107-119

Chronic corticosterone increases ΔFOSB and CRFR1 immunorecativity in brain regions that modulate aversive conditioning

Authors: Hirata, R.Y.S., dos Santos T.B., de Andrade J.S., Le Sueur Maluf L., Antunes H.K.M., Britto L.R.G., Cespedes I.C., de Barros Viana M.

  Chronic corticosterone on brain ΔFOSB/CRFR1 expression and exploratory activity in rats
  Hirata, R.Y.S., dos Santos T.B., de Andrade J.S., Le Sueur Maluf L., Antunes H.K.M., Britto L.R.G., Cespedes I.C., de Barros Viana M. - 2019

  PROTEINS AND GENES   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   DARK/LIGHT CONTEXT   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   HYPOTHALAMUS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   SEPTUM   AMYGDALA
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 357-358, 39-47

Both serotonergic and noradrenergic systems modulates the development of tolerance to chronic stress in rats with lesions of the serotonergic neurons of the median raphe nucleus

Authors: Pereira, A.C., Carvalho M.C., Padovan C.M.

  Median raphe nucleus 5,7-DHT lesions, fluoxetine or desipramine exposure on stress effects on hippocampal/striatal norepinephrine/serotonin levels, exploratory activity and response to stress in rats
  Pereira, A.C., Carvalho M.C., Padovan C.M. - 2019

  SEROTONIN   EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   STRESS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRIATUM   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 357-358, 57-64

Estrogen receptor β activation within dorsal raphe nucleus reverses anxiety-like behavior induced by food restriction in female rats

Authors: Campos, G.V., de Noronha S.R., de Souza A.A., Lima P.M., Abreu A.R., Chianca-Jr D., de Menezes R.C.

  Dorsal raphe nucleus estrogen β modulation on food restriction effects on exploratory activity in female rats
  Campos, G.V., de Noronha S.R., de Souza A.A., Lima P.M., Abreu A.R., Chianca-Jr D., de Menezes R.C. - 2019

  GONADAL HORMONES   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   FEEDING AND DRINKING   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY

  Dorsal raphe nucleus estrogen β modulation on food restriction effects on exploratory activity in female rats
  Campos, G.V., de Noronha S.R., de Souza A.A., Lima P.M., Abreu A.R., Chianca-Jr D., de Menezes R.C. - 2019

  GONADAL HORMONES   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   FEEDING AND DRINKING   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 357-358, 57-64

Estrogen receptor β activation within dorsal raphe nucleus reverses anxiety-like behavior induced by food restriction in female rats

Authors: Campos, G.V., de Noronha S.R., de Souza A.A., Lima P.M., Abreu A.R., Chianca-Jr D., de Menezes R.C.

  Dorsal raphe nucleus estrogen β modulation on food restriction effects on exploratory activity in female rats
  Campos, G.V., de Noronha S.R., de Souza A.A., Lima P.M., Abreu A.R., Chianca-Jr D., de Menezes R.C. - 2019

  GONADAL HORMONES   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   FEEDING AND DRINKING   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY

  Dorsal raphe nucleus estrogen β modulation on food restriction effects on exploratory activity in female rats
  Campos, G.V., de Noronha S.R., de Souza A.A., Lima P.M., Abreu A.R., Chianca-Jr D., de Menezes R.C. - 2019

  GONADAL HORMONES   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   FEEDING AND DRINKING   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 357-358, 71-81

5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor of the dorsal raphe nucleus modulate panic-like behaviours and mediate fear-induced antinociception elicited by neuronal activation in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus

Authors: da Silva Soares Jr., R., Falconi-Sobrinho L.L:, dos Anjos-Garcia T., Coimbra N.C.

  Dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT2A receptor modulation on inferior colliculus NMDA stimulation induced defensive reaction and antinociception in rats
  da Silva Soares Jr., R., Falconi-Sobrinho L.L:, dos Anjos-Garcia T., Coimbra N.C. - 2019

  DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   SEROTONIN   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   NOCICEPTION   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2019: 144, 282-290

Cav1.2L-type calcium channels regulate stress coping behavior via serotonin neurons

Authors: Ehlinger, D.G., Commons K.G.

  Stress exposure on dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic marker expression, locomotor activity and response to stress in mice: Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel role study
  Ehlinger, D.G., Commons K.G. - 2019

  STRESS   SEROTONIN   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Contained in: NeuroReport, 2019: 30, 66-70

Physiological dosages of estradiol and diarylpropionitrile decrease depressive behavior and increase tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the dorsal raphe nucleus of rats subjected to the forced swim test

Authors: Yang, F., Cheung A., Tao J., Zhao N., Wan W., Sheng J.

  Estrogen receptor modulation on dorsal raphe nuclei tryptophan hydroxylase/glucocorticoid receptor expression and response to stress in female rats
  Yang, F., Cheung A., Tao J., Zhao N., Wan W., Sheng J. - 2019

  GONADAL HORMONES   SEROTONIN   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   STRESS   GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2019: 396, 108-118

Fluoxetine modulates sponatneous and conditioned behaviors to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation and alters forebrain-midbrain neuronal activation

Authors: McMurray, K.M.J., Strawn J.R., Sah R.

  Fluoxetine exposure on CO2-inhalation-induced contextual fear conditioning and related brain c-fos expression in mice
  McMurray, K.M.J., Strawn J.R., Sah R. - 2019

  SEROTONIN   PROTEINS AND GENES   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
Contained in: Science, 2019: 363, 538-542

Intense threat switches dorsal raphe serotonin neurons to a paradoxical operational mode

Authors: Seo, C., Guru A., Jin M., Ito B., Sleezer B.J., Ho Y.-Y., Wang E., Boada C., Krupa N.A., Kullakanda D.S., Shen C.X., Warden M.R.

  Dorsal raphe mucleus serotonergic and GABAergic role in movement promotion/suppression related to high- and low-threat enviornmental condition in mice: optogenetic study
  Seo, C., Guru A., Jin M., Ito B., Sleezer B.J., Ho Y.-Y., Wang E., Boada C., Krupa N.A., Kullakanda D.S., Shen C.X., Warden M.R. - 2019

  SEROTONIN   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   STRESS   AVOIDANCE   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2019: 145, 25-36

Novel approaches to alcohol rehabilitation: modification of stress-response brain regions through environmental enrichment

Authors: Pang, T.Y., Hannan A.J., Lawrence A.J.

  Environmental enrichment exposure on alcohol addiction aìstress-related behaviors and involved brain regions functioning - Review
  Pang, T.Y., Hannan A.J., Lawrence A.J. - 2019

  REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   HYPOTHALAMUS   PROTEINS AND GENES   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   STRESS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   AMYGDALA   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2019: 146, 213-223

Cognitive and anxiety-like impairments accompanied by serotonergic uultrastructural and immunohistochemical alterations in early stages of parkinsonism

Authors: Leal, P.C., Bispo J.M.M., Lins L.C.R.F., Souza M.F., Gois A.M., Moore G., Marchioro M., Ribeiro A.M., Silva R.H., Meshul C.K., Santos J.R.

  Reserpine exposure on dorsal raphe nucleus/hippocampal/prefrontal seroton neuronal system/tyrosine hydroxylase expression and locomotion/exploration in rats: Parkinsonism early stage rat model
  Leal, P.C., Bispo J.M.M., Lins L.C.R.F., Souza M.F., Gois A.M., Moore G., Marchioro M., Ribeiro A.M., Silva R.H., Meshul C.K., Santos J.R. - 2019

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SEROTONIN   CEREBRAL CORTEX   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2019: 400, 33-47

Glutamatergic signals in the dorsal taphe nucleus regulate maternal aggression and care in an opposing manner in mice

Authors: Muroi, Y., Ishii T.

  Dorsal raphe nucleus NMDA and AMPA receptors modulation on maternal care and related aggressiveness versus intruders in mice: prefrontal/lateral habenula projection role study
  Muroi, Y., Ishii T. - 2019

  DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR   GLUTAMATE   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   CEREBRAL CORTEX   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2019: 693, 19-28

Deconstructing arousal into wakeful, autonomic and affective varieties

Authors: Satpute, A.B., Kragel P.A., Barrett L.F., Wager T.D., Bianciardi M.

  Neural basis of wakeful arousal ascending system - Review
  Satpute, A.B., Kragel P.A., Barrett L.F., Wager T.D., Bianciardi M. - 2019

  REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   CEREBRAL CORTEX   BRAIN IMAGING   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   PARABRACHIAL NUCLEI   HYPOTHALAMUS   NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS   NUCLEUS BASALIS MAGNOCELLULARIS   AMYGDALA   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2019: 693, 54-57

New tools for understanding coping and resilience

Authors: Baratta, M.V., Maier S.F.

  Brain circuitry related to stress resilinece - Review
  Baratta, M.V., Maier S.F. - 2019

  REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   STRESS   SEROTONIN   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   STRIATUM   SUBSTANTIA NIGRA   CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contained in: Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 2019: 49, 178-183

Optogenetic studies of the pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment of depression

Authors: Dygalo, N.N., Shishkina G.T.
Contained in: Prog. Neurobiol., 2019: 173, 54-87

Pathologic role of nitrergic neurotransmission in mood disorders

Authors: Ghasemi, M., Claunch J., Niu K.
Contained in: Neuron, 2019: 101, 748-761

Rostral and caudal ventral tegmental area GABAergic inputs to different dorsal raphe neurons participate in opioid dependence

Authors: Li, Y., Li C.-Y., Xi W., Jin S., Wu Z.-H., Jiang P., Dong P., He X.-B., Xu F.-Q., Duan S., Zhou Y.-D., Li X.-M.

  Ventral tegmental area to dorsal raphe nucleus GABAergic neuron projection on serotonergic neuron activity morphine response on conditioned place preference, nociception and locomotion/exploration/rearing in mice
  Li, Y., Li C.-Y., Xi W., Jin S., Wu Z.-H., Jiang P., Dong P., He X.-B., Xu F.-Q., Duan S., Zhou Y.-D., Li X.-M. - 2019

  UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   OPIOIDS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   NOCICEPTION   STEROTYPED BEHAVIORS   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY
Contained in: Neurosci. Res., 2019: 140, 77-92

Circuit mechanisms and computational models of REM sleep

Authors: Herice, C., Patel A.A., Sakata S.
Contained in: Brain Res., 2019: 1710, 82-91

Glucocorticoid receptor deletion from locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons promotes depression-like social withdrawal in female bu not male mice

Authors: Jacobson, L.

  Locus coeruleus noradrenergic neuron glucocorticoid receptor role in plasma corticosterone levels, social interaction, object recognition in male and female mice: ventivimus gene deletion study
  Jacobson, L. - 2019

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   GENDER   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 365, 178-184

Role of dorsal raphe nucleus GHS-R1a receptors in the regulation of inhibitory avoidance and escape behaviors in rats

Authors: Cavalcante, D.P., Turones L.C., Camargo-Silva G., Santana J.S., Colugnati D.B., Panasani A.P., Xavier C.H., Pobbe R.L.H.

  Dorsal raphe nulceus ghrelin receptor modulation on locomotion/exploration in rats
  Cavalcante, D.P., Turones L.C., Camargo-Silva G., Santana J.S., Colugnati D.B., Panasani A.P., Xavier C.H., Pobbe R.L.H. - 2019

  DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   NEUROPEPTIDES
Contained in: Prog. Neurobiol., 2019: 177, 33-72

Are periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe the foundation of appetitive and aversive control? A comprehensive review

Authors: Silva, C., McNaughton N.

  Periaqueductal gray-dorsal raphe complex and emotion-motivation state - Review
  Silva, C., McNaughton N. - 2019

  ACETYLCHOLINE   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   HISTAMINE   SEROTONIN   OPIOIDS   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   NEUROPEPTIDES   AVOIDANCE   HYPOTHALAMUS   CEREBRAL CORTEX   γ-AMINO-BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)   NITRIC AND NITROUS OXIDE   GLUTAMATE   EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
Contained in: Nat. Neurosci., 2019: 22, 770-777

Serotonin-mediated inhibition of ventral hippocampus is required for sustained goal-directed behavior

Authors: Yoshida, K., Drew M.R., Mimura M., Tanaka K.F.

  Medial raphe srotonergic modulation on ventral hippocampal activity related to appetitive/shock-avoiding rewarded operant responding in mice: optogenetic study
  Malvaez, M., Shieh C., Murphy M.D., Greenfield V.Y., Wassum K.M. - 2019

  SEROTONIN   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   OPERANT CONDITIONING   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   SCHEDULE INDUCED CONDITIONING AND BEHAVIOR   AVOIDANCE   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Cell, 2019: 177, doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.037

Neuronal dynamics regulating brain and behavioral state transitions

Authors: Andalman, A.S., Bums V.M., Lovett-Barron M., Broxton M., Poole B., Yang S.J., Grosenick L., Lerner T.N., Chen R., Benster T., Mourrain P., Levoy M., Rajan K., Deisseroth K.

  Ventral habenula neuron role in aversive passive coping behavior in larval zebrafishes: optogenetic study
  Andalman, A.S., Bums V.M., Lovett-Barron M., Broxton M., Poole B., Yang S.J., Grosenick L., Lerner T.N., Chen R., Benster T., Mourrain P., Levoy M., Rajan K., Deisseroth K. - 2019

  FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   SEROTONIN   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   CEREBRAL CORTEX   STRIATUM   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   AVOIDANCE   UNSPECIFIC ASCENDING ACTIVATING SYSTEM PROJECTION
Contained in: Brain Res., 2019: 1713, 102-108

The role of dopamine in overcoming aversion with exercise

Authors: Greenwood, B.N.

  Exercise on striatal dopaminergic circuit functioning related to aversion and stress response - Review
  Greenwood, B.N. - 2019

  REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   DOPAMINE   STRIATUM   OPERANT CONDITIONING   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS   AVOIDANCE   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   SEROTONIN
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 367, 201-209

Kinetic deterioration of short memory in rat with acute hepatic encephalopathy: involvement of astroglial and neuronal dysfunctions

Authors: Khiat, A.E., Tamegart L., Draoui A., Fari R.E., Sellami S., Rais H., Hiba O.E., Gamrani H.

  Acute hepatic encephalopathy on hippocampal astrocyte damage/dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin levels and spatial learning in rats
  Khiat, A.E., Tamegart L., Draoui A., Fari R.E., Sellami S., Rais H., Hiba O.E., Gamrani H. - 2019

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SEROTONIN   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS
Contained in: NeuroReport, 2019: 30, 681-687

5-HT1A autoreceptor in dorsal raphe nucleus mediates sensitization of conditioned place preference to cocaine in mice expressed with chronic pain

Authors: Li, Y., Zhu J., Zheng Q., Qian Z., Zhang L., QWei C., Han J., Liu Z., Ren W.

  Chronic neuropatic pain exposure effects on locomotion/exploration, sucrose preference, response to stress, conditioned place preference by cocaine and related intra-dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT1A antagonist effects in mice
  Li, Y., Zhu J., Zheng Q., Qian Z., Zhang L., QWei C., Han J., Liu Z., Ren W. - 2019

  DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   SEROTONIN   DOPAMINE   CLASSICAL PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING   NOCICEPTION   STRESS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2019: 369, 111927

Limited effects of early life manipulations on sex-specific gene expression and behavior in adulthood

Authors: Candemir, E., Post A., Diuschinger U.S., Palme R., Slattery D.A., O'Leary A., Reif A.

  Maternal separation and environmental enrichment exposure effects on brain rlated emotion gene expression, fecal corticosterone metabolite levels and locomotion/exploration in male and female
  Candemir, E., Post A., Diuschinger U.S., Palme R., Slattery D.A., O'Leary A., Reif A. - 2019

  GENDER   AMYGDALA   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR   GLUCOCORTICOIDS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   DARK/LIGHT CONTEXT   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   PROTEINS AND GENES   HYPOTHALAMUS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRIATUM   CEREBRAL CORTEX   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   NITRIC AND NITROUS OXIDE
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2019: 152, 30-41

Morphine-dependent and abstinent mice are characterized by a broader distribution of the neurons co-expressing mu and delta opioid receptors

Authors: Pierre, F., Ugur M., Faivre F., Doridot S., Veinante P., Massotte D.

  Morphine exposure and reinstatement on brain mu and delta opioid receptor expression in mice
  Pierre, F., Ugur M., Faivre F., Doridot S., Veinante P., Massotte D. - 2019

  OPIOIDS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRIATUM   AMYGDALA   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI

2018

Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 337, 139-150

Effects of acute restraint and unpredictable chornic midl stress on brain corticotrophin releasing factor mRNA in the elevated T-maze

Authors: de Andrade, J.S., Cespedes I.C., Abrao R.O., da Silva J.M., Ceneviva R., Ribeiro D.A., Bittencourt J.C., Viana M.B.

  Stress on brain corticotrophin releasing factor expression related to exploratory activity in rats
  de Andrade, J.S., Cespedes I.C., Abrao R.O., da Silva J.M., Ceneviva R., Ribeiro D.A., Bittencourt J.C., Viana M.B. - 2018

  CORTICO-RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF)   STRESS   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SEPTUM   HYPOTHALAMUS   AMYGDALA   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI
Contained in: Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 2018: 289-304

Acute administration of the nonpathogenic, saprophytic bacterium, Mycobacteriumn vaccae, induces activation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and antidepressant-like behavior in association with mild hypothermia

Authors: Siebler, P.H., Heinze J.D., Kienzle D.M., Hale M.W., Lukkes J.L., Donner N.C., Kopelman J.M., Rodriguez O.A., Lowry C.A.

  Mycobacterium vaccae exposure on dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neuron c-fos expression, body temperature, locomotor, grooming and rearing activity and response to stress in mice
  Siebler, P.H., Heinze J.D., Kienzle D.M., Hale M.W., Lukkes J.L., Donner N.C., Kopelman J.M., Rodriguez O.A., Lowry C.A. - 2018

  SEROTONIN   DORSAL AND MEDIAL RAPHE NUCLEI   BODY TEMPERATURE   STRESS   PROTEINS AND GENES   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   STEROTYPED BEHAVIORS