Themes: NOOTROPICS

2018

Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2018: 140, 140-147

Pistacia lentiscus oil attenuates memory dysfunction and decreases levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats

Authors: Ammari, M., Othman H., Hajri A., Sakly M., Abdelmelek H.

  Pistocia lentiscus oil on lipopolisaccharide exposure effects on brain neuronal oxidative stress, acetyl/butyrilcholinesterase levels and object location/recognition performance in rats
  Ammari, M., Othman H., Hajri A., Sakly M., Abdelmelek H. - 2018

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CEREBRAL CORTEX   CEREBELLUM   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 349, 1-7

Resveratrol prevents cognitive deficits induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress: Sirt1/miR-134 signalling pathway regulates CREB/BDNF expression in hippocampus in vivo and in vitro

Authors: Shen, J., Xu L., Qu C., Sun H., Zhang J.

  Resveratrol exposure on chronic mild stress effects on hippocampal CREB/brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and Morris water maze performance in rats
  Shen, J., Xu L., Qu C., Sun H., Zhang J. - 2018

  PROTEINS AND GENES   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   STRESS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 349, 109-115

Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficit in mice

Authors: Lu, C., Wang Y., Lv J., Jiang N., Fan B., Qu L., Li Y., Chen S., Wang F., Liu X.

  Ginsenoside Rh2 and modafinil on sleep deprivation effects on hippocampal/cortical neruon oxidative stress, locomotion. exploration, passive avoidance and object/location recognition in mice
  Lu, C., Wang Y., Lv J., Jiang N., Fan B., Qu L., Li Y., Chen S., Wang F., Liu X. - 2018

  SLEEP   NOOTROPICS   AVOIDANCE   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Contained in: Psychopharmacology, 2018: 235, 2407-2416

The effects of the soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat on memory performance in healthy volunteers with a biperiden-induced memory impairment

Authors: Borghans, L.G.J.M., Sambeth A., Prickaerts J., Ramaekers J.G., Blokland A.

  Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation on learning and memory in humans
  Borghans, L.G.J.M., Sambeth A., Prickaerts J., Ramaekers J.G., Blokland A. - 2018

  ACETYLCHOLINE   NOOTROPICS   NITRIC AND NITROUS OXIDE   RECALL AND RECONSOLIDATION   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY
Contained in: Brain Res. Bull., 2018: 142, 197-206

The memory-enhancing effects of 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, a major metbolite of daidzein, are associated with activation of the cholinergic system and BDNF signbaling pathway in mice

Authors: Ko, Y.-H., Kwon S.-H., Ma S.-X., Seo J.-Y., Lee B.-R., Kim K., Kim S.Y., Lee S.-Y., Jang C.-G.

  Daidzein isoflavone metabolite on hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor/CREB/extracellular-signal regulated kinase expression, nociception, spatial learning, passive avoidance and scopolamine-induced cognitive and cholinergic system deficit in mice
  Ko, Y.-H., Kwon S.-H., Ma S.-X., Seo J.-Y., Lee B.-R., Kim K., Kim S.Y., Lee S.-Y., Jang C.-G. - 2018

  ACETYLCHOLINE   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AVOIDANCE   NOCICEPTION   PROTEINS AND GENES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   PROTEIN KINASES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2018: 353, 210-217

Dietary choline supplementation in adult rats improves performance on a test of recognition memory

Authors: Moreno, H., Hall G., Gallo M., de Brugada I.

  Choline supplementation on object recognition performance in rats
  Moreno, H., Hall G., Gallo M., de Brugada I. - 2018

  NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 138, 1-9

5-HT6 receptor agonist and memory-enhancing properties of hypidone hydrochloride (YL-0919), a novel 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist and SSRI

Authors: Chen, X., Jin Z., Gong Y., Zhao N., Wang X., Ran Y., Zhang Y., Zhang L., Li Y.-F.

  5-HT6 agonist on object recognition, passive avoidance and Morris water maze perfomance in rodents
  Chen, X., Jin Z., Gong Y., Zhao N., Wang X., Ran Y., Zhang Y., Zhang L., Li Y.-F. - 2018

  ACETYLCHOLINE   SEROTONIN   AVOIDANCE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 138, 151-159

Sub-efficacious doses of phosphodiesterase 4 and 5 inhibitors improve memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Authors: Gulisano W., Tropea M.R., Arancio O., Palmeri A., Puzzo D.

  Phosphodiesterase 4/5 inhibitors on novel object recognition, fear conditioning and Morris water maze performance in APP mice
  Gulisano W., Tropea M.R., Arancio O., Palmeri A., Puzzo D. - 2018

  NOOTROPICS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 138, 210-218

Pharmacological inhibition of 2-arachidonoilglycerol hydrolysis enhances memory consolidation in rats through CB2 receptor activation and mTOR signaling modulation

Authors: Ratano, P., Petrella C., Forti F., Petrocchi Passeri P., Morena M., Palmery M., Trezza V., Severini C., Campolongo P.

  Post-training monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor on hippocampal/amygdalar mTOR/CB2 receptor signaling and passive avoidance consolidation in rats
  Ratano, P., Petrella C., Forti F., Petrocchi Passeri P., Morena M., Palmery M., Trezza V., Severini C., Campolongo P. - 2018

  CANNABINOIDS   CONSOLIDATION   AVOIDANCE   AMYGDALA   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 138, 331-340

Synaptic modification by L-theanine, a natural constituent in green tea, rescues the impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory in AD mice

Authors: Zhu, G., Yang S., Xie Z., Wan X.

  L-theamine on hippocampal neuron excitability, dopamine/norepinephrine/protein kinase A phosphorylation levels and fear conditioning performance in APP/PS1 and control mice
  Zhu, G., Yang S., Xie Z., Wan X. - 2018

  HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA)   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   PROTEIN KINASES   DOPAMINE   EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   NOOTROPICS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION   FEAR AND RELATED BEHAVIORS
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2018: 138, 360-370

Roflumilast promotes memory recovery and attenuates white matter injury in aged rats subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion

Authors: Santiago A., Soares L.M., Schepers M., Milani H., Vanmierlo T., Prickaerts J., de Oliveira R.M.W.

  Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor roflumilast exposure on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion effects on white matter injury, hippocampal neuroinflammation, CREB-brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and spatial navigation in aged rats
  Santiago A., Soares L.M., Schepers M., Milani H., Vanmierlo T., Prickaerts J., de Oliveira R.M.W. - 2018

  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   PROTEINS AND GENES   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS

2017

Contained in: Physiol. Behav., 2017: 168, 11-19

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) ameliorates memory impairment and modulates acetylcholinesterase activity in Poloxamer-407-induced hyperlipidemia in rat brain

Authors: Ruchel, J.B., Braun J.B.S., Adefegha S.A., Manzoni A.G., Abdalla F.H., de Oliveira J.S., Trelles K., Signor C., Lopes S.T.A., da Silva C.B., Castilhos L.G., Rubin M.A., Leal D.B.R.

  Guarana, caffeine and simvastatin on hyperlipidemia-induced effects on brain acetylcholinesterase activity, exploratory activity and object recognition performance in rats
  Ruchel, J.B., Braun J.B.S., Adefegha S.A., Manzoni A.G., Abdalla F.H., de Oliveira J.S., Trelles K., Signor C., Lopes S.T.A., da Silva C.B., Castilhos L.G., Rubin M.A., Leal D.B.R. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   CEREBELLUM   CEREBRAL CORTEX   HYPOTHALAMUS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   STRIATUM
Contained in: Brain Res., 2017: 1654, 66-76

Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal Death and cognitive impairment

Authors: Lee, S.H., Choi B.Y., Kim J.H., Kho A.R., Sohn M., Song H.K., Choi H.C., Suh S.W.

  Choline alfoscerate on hippocampal neurogenesis and seizure pilocarpine-induced hippocampal neuronal loss, choline acetyltrasnferase activity and Morris water maze impairment in rats
  Lee, S.H., Choi B.Y., Kim J.H., Kho A.R., Sohn M., Song H.K., Choi H.C., Suh S.W. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 317, 562-575

The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model od depression: the hippocampal pathway

Authors: Morales- Medina, J.C., Iannitti T., Freeman A., Caldwell H.K.

  Olfactory bulbectomy as rat model of depression: locomotion, hippocampal neurogenesis, plasticity, long-term potentiation, response to antidepressants and nootropics
  Morales- Medina, J.C., Iannitti T., Freeman A., Caldwell H.K. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   ENTORHINAL CORTEX   PERIRHINAL CORTEX   GONADAL HORMONES   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NOOTROPICS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   SEROTONIN
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 318, 1-11

Two cholinesterase inhibitors trigger dissimilar effects on behavior and body weight in C57BL/6 mice: the case of chlorpyrifos and rivastigmine

Authors: Basaure, P., Peris-Sampedro F., Cabré M., Reverte I., Colomina M.T.

  Chlorpyrifos and rivastigmine, acetylcholinestearse inhibitors, on exploratory activity and spatial learning in mice
  Basaure, P., Peris-Sampedro F., Cabré M., Reverte I., Colomina M.T. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Eur. J. Neurosci., 2017: 45, 215-216

Reducing falls in a model of impaired cognitive control of movement (Commentary on Kucinski et al.)

Authors: Burk, J.A.

  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and 5-HT6 antagonist on impaired cognitive control of movement - Commentary
  Burk, J.A. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   DOPAMINE   NOOTROPICS   REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES   SEROTONIN
Contained in: Eur. J. Neurosci., 2017: 45, 217-231

Reducing falls in Parkinson's disease: interactions between donepezil and the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist idalopiridine on falls in a rat model of impaired cognitive control of complex movements

Authors: Kucinski, A., de Jong I.E.M., Sarter M.

  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and 5-HT6 antagonist idalopiridine on striatal dopaminergic and nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic lesions effects on operant rewarded sustained attention task performance in rats
  Kucinski, A., de Jong I.E.M., Sarter M. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   OPERANT CONDITIONING   CEREBRAL CORTEX   DOPAMINE   NOOTROPICS   NUCLEUS BASALIS MAGNOCELLULARIS   SEROTONIN   STRIATUM
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2017: 638, 121-128

α-Isocubebenol alleviates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment by repressing acetylcholinesterase activity

Authors: Song, S.H., Choi S.M., Kim J.E., Sung J.E., Lee H.A., Choi Y.H., Bae C.J., Choi Y.W., Hwang D.Y.

  α-Isocubebenol on scopolamine-induced hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity, extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, neuronal cell survival and passive avoidance impairment in mice
  Song, S.H., Choi S.M., Kim J.E., Sung J.E., Lee H.A., Choi Y.H., Bae C.J., Choi Y.W., Hwang D.Y. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   AVOIDANCE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   PROTEIN KINASES
Contained in: Physiol. Behav., 2017: 169, 69-73

Portulaca oleracea L. prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced passive avoidance learning and memory and TNF-α impairments in hippocampus of rat

Authors: Noorbakhshnia, M., Karimi-Zandi L.

  Portulaca oleracea L. hydro-alcoholic extract on lipopolysaccharide effects on passive avoidance and hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α levels in rats
  Noorbakhshnia, M., Karimi-Zandi L. - 2017

  AVOIDANCE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Neurosci. Lett., 2017: 639, 114-119

Astragaloside IV attenuates cognitive impairments induced by transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice via anti-inflammatory mechanisms

Authors: Li, M., Li H., Fang F., Deng X., Ma S.

  Astragaloside IV on cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal neuron inflammation, microglia activation and Morris water maze cognitive impairment in mice
  Li, M., Li H., Fang F., Deng X., Ma S. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Physiol. Behav., 2017: 170, 93-99

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) ameliorates age-related deficits in water maze performance, especially in male rats

Authors: Kougias, D.G., Hankosky E.R., Gulley J.M., Juraska J.M.

  Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on spatial learning in middle aged and aged male and female rats
  Kougias, D.G., Hankosky E.R., Gulley J.M., Juraska J.M. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AGE   GENDER   GONADAL HORMONES   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2017: 153, 147-159

Calcineurin inhibitors improve memory loss an neuropathological changes in mouse model of dementia

Authors: Kumar, A., Singh N.

  Calcineurin inhibitors on intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced brain acetylcholinesterase, nitric oxide, neuroinflammation changes and spatial learning impairment in young and aged mice
  Kumar, A., Singh N. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   AGE   NOOTROPICS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Neuropharmacology, 2017: 113, 100-109

Oleanolic acid ameliorates cognitive dysfunction caused by cholinergic blockade via TrkB-dependent BDNF signaling

Authors: Jeon, S.J., Lee H.J., Lee H.E., Park S.J., Gwon Y., Kim H., Zhang J., Shin C.Y., Kim D.H., Ryu J.H.

  Oleanolic acid triterpenoid on scopoalmine-induced hippocampal neuron excitability, spatial learning, passive avoidance and object recognition impairment via brain-derived neurotrophic factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/CREB signaling in mice
  Jeon, S.J., Lee H.J., Lee H.E., Park S.J., Gwon Y., Kim H., Zhang J., Shin C.Y., Kim D.H., Ryu J.H. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   AVOIDANCE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS   PROTEIN KINASES   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 319, 37-47

Neuroprotective effects of sildenafil against oxidative stress and memory dysfunction in mice exposed to noise stress

Authors: Sikandaner, H.E., Park S.Y., Kim M.J., Park S.N., Yang D.W.

  Sildenafil on stress-induced hippocampal oxidative stress, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, CREB norepinephrine and serotonin levels, object recognition and spatial learning impairment in mice
  Sikandaner, H.E., Park S.Y., Kim M.J., Park S.N., Yang D.W. - 2017

  EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS   SEROTONIN   PROTEINS AND GENES   STRESS
Contained in: Neuroscience, 2017: 344, 39-47

Resveratrol ameliorates spatial learning memory impairment induced by Aβ1-42 in rats

Authors: Wang, R., Zheng Y., Li J., Zhang C.

  Resveratrol on intra-hippocampal amyloid β1-42-induced hippocampal neuron excitability and Morris water maze performance impairment in rats: CREB phosphorylation study
  Wang, R., Zheng Y., Li J., Zhang C. - 2017

  SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NOOTROPICS   PROTEINS AND GENES   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Brain Res., 2017: 1659, 88-95

Astaxanthin improves cognitive performance in mice following mild traumatic brain injury

Authors: Ji, X., Peng D., Zhang Y., Zhang J., Wang Y., Gao Y., Lu N., Tang P.

  Astaxanthin on brain injury effects on cortical synaptic proteins/brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, locomotion, spatial learning and object recognition in mice
  Ji, X., Peng D., Zhang Y., Zhang J., Wang Y., Gao Y., Lu N., Tang P. - 2017

  LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LESIONS   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS   NOOTROPICS   PROTEINS AND GENES
Contained in: Behav. Brain Res., 2017: 320, 97-112

A unique combination of micronutrients rejuvenates cognitive performance in aged mice

Authors: Perez, S.D., Du K., Rendeiro C., Wang L., Wu Q., Rubakhin S.S., Vazhappilly R., Baxter J.H., Sweedler J.V., Rhodes J.S.

  Micronutrients combination on feeding, hippocampal neurogenesis/neuroinflammation/metabolites levels and active avoidance in young and aged male and female mice
  Perez, S.D., Du K., Rendeiro C., Wang L., Wu Q., Rubakhin S.S., Vazhappilly R., Baxter J.H., Sweedler J.V., Rhodes J.S. - 2017

  AVOIDANCE   AGE   GENDER   FEEDING AND DRINKING   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY
Contained in: Physiol. Behav., 2017: 171, 243-248

Loganin enhances long-term potentiation and recovers scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments

Authors: Hwang, E.-S., Kim H.-B., Lee S., Kim M.-J., Lee S.-O., Han S.-M., Maeng S., Park J.-H.

  Loganin on hippocampal neurons excitability and scopolamine-induced passive avoidance and spatial learning impairment in rats
  Hwang, E.-S., Kim H.-B., Lee S., Kim M.-J., Lee S.-O., Han S.-M., Maeng S., Park J.-H. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   AVOIDANCE   SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND SPATIAL MEMORY   SHORT- AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND DEPRESSION   NOOTROPICS   ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION
Contained in: Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 2017: 140, 145-153

The novel dehydroepiansdrosterone (DHEA) derivative BNN27 counteracts delay-dependent and scopolamine-induced recognition memory deficits in rats

Authors: Pitsikas, N., Gravanis A.

  Neurosteroid BNN27 on object location/recognition performance in scopolamine exposed and control rats
  Pitsikas, N., Gravanis A. - 2017

  ACETYLCHOLINE   GONADAL HORMONES   NOOTROPICS
Contained in: Neuron, 2017: 93, 560-573

Role of mitochondrial metabolism in the control of early lineage progression and aging phenotypes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Authors: Beckervordersandforth, R., Ebert B., Schaffner I., Moss J., Fiebig C., Shin J., Moore D.L., Ghosh L., Trinchero M.F., Stockburger C., Friedland K., Steib K., von Wittgenstein J., Keiner S., Redecker C., Holter S.M., Xiang W., Wurst W., Jagasia R., Schinder A.F., Ming G., Toni N., Jessberger S., Song H., Lie C.

  Mitochondrial metabolism on hippocampal adult neurogenesis and plasticity in mice of different age
  Beckervordersandforth, R., Ebert B., Schaffner I., Moss J., Fiebig C., Shin J., Moore D.L., Ghosh L., Trinchero M.F., Stockburger C., Friedland K., Steib K., von Wittgenstein J., Keiner S., Redecker C., Holter S.M., Xiang W., Wurst W., Jagasia R., Schinder A.F., Ming G., Toni N., Jessberger S., Song H., Lie C. - 2017

  AGE   HIPPOCAMPUS, FORNIX AND SUBICULUM   NOOTROPICS   NEUROGENESIS AND PLASTICITY   PROTEINS AND GENES